Intshayelelo

Ukususela ekuphuhlisweni kwayo phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, indlela yokubala ulwelo olunyibilikayo ibe sisiseko sophando kwicandelo lefiziksi yenyukliya, isayensi yezonyango kunye neyokusingqongileyo. Umgaqo ophambili ukwinyani yokuba amasuntswana anamandla akhutshwa ngexesha lokubola kwe-radionuclides adibana nolwelo olunyibilikayo, nto leyo eguqula amandla abe zii-photon ezibonakalayo. Ezi photon ziguqulwa zibe ziimpawu zombane zizi-photodetectors (umz., iityhubhu ze-photomultiplier, ii-PMTs), ezithi ekugqibeleni zihlalutywe ukuze kulinganiswe ubungakanani bezinto ezine-radioactive.

Nangona i-aura yeendlela zokubala i-liquid scintillation idla ngokugxila kwi-detector okanye kwi-scintillating liquid ngokwayo, ii-scintillation vials, njengezikhongozeli ezigubungela ngokuthe ngqo isampuli kunye ne-scintillating liquid, zizinto ezibalulekileyo ezifihlakeleyo ezimisela impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli kovavanyo.

Uyilo lwee-scintillation vials kolu phando lwangoku lusajongene nemingeni. Injongo yale phepha kukuhlalutya ngokucwangcisiweyo impembelelo yomsebenzi kunye noyilo lwee-scintillation vials ekusebenzeni kwazo, kunye nokubonelela abaphandi ngesiseko sethiyori kunye nesikhokelo esisebenzayo ekukhetheni nasekusebenziseni ii-scintillation vials ngokuhlalutya umsebenzi, ukuphucula uyilo, ukukhetha izinto, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza.Kwangaxeshanye, ijonge phambili kwindlela yayo yophuhliso kwixesha elizayo, inika inkxaso yokuphucula ngakumbi kunye nokwandiswa kokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-LSC.

Isishwankathelo seTekhnoloji yokubala i-Liquid Scintillation

1. Umgaqo oSisiseko: Ikhonkco elichanekileyo lokuguqulwa kwamandla

Eyona nto iphambili yokubala i-liquid scintillation ikwinkqubo yonke yokuguqula amandla okubola kwe-radioactive abe ziimpawu ze-optical ngokusebenzisa i-scintillation liquid, kwaye inkqubo yayo yobugcisa inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe yi-radiation excitation, i-photon generation, i-optical signal capture, kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha.

2. Uhlalutyo lweeCandelo zeTekhnoloji eziPhambili

• Ulawulo lozinzo lwesisombululo se-scintillation: thintela i-hydrolysis (umz. isisombululo se-ethylene glycol-based scintillation kufuneka songeze i-antioxidant BHT) okanye i-photolysis (isisombululo esisekelwe kwi-toluene kufuneka sigcinwe kude nokukhanya); inxalenye yesisombululo se-scintillation (umz. inkqubo ye-ethylene glycol equlethe i-PPO) kulula ukuyifunxa iikristale kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi (<4℃), nto leyo eya kukhokelela ekwehleni ngequbuliso kokusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya.

• Ukulungiswa kovakalelo lwesixhobo sokubona: ubuchwepheshe obutsha bokufumanisa obufana nee-silicon photodiodes ezinempendulo ebanzi ye-spectral kunye nengxolo ephantsi zifanelekile ekufumaneni isignali yokukhanya ebuthathaka; ii-arrays ze-detector ezineetshaneli ezininzi zinokudityaniswa nokucubungula isignali efanayo ukuphucula isantya sohlalutyo lwesampulu ephezulu.

• Isampulu yokufakwa kwesampulu kunye nokuhlanjululwa: Ukugqunywa kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwesampuli: Ukuqina kwe-scintillation vials kufuna i-helium mass spectrometry ukuze ifumane izinga lokuvuza elingaphantsi kwe-1×10-⁹ Pa-m³/s, okuthintela i-oksijini ukuba ingangeni ukuze ibangele ukubola kwe-oxidative ye-scintillation. Ii-ion exchange resins zingasetyenziselwa ukucoca ukususa ii-ion zesinyithi kunye nokunciphisa izinga lokubala emva. I-Zinc nitrate/potassium ferrocyanide isetyenziselwa ukugxininisa ii-radionuclides kwimeko ye-pelletized, ukunciphisa umthamo wesisombululo kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-encapsulation.

Itekhnoloji yokubala i-scintillation yolwelo ivumela ukufunyanwa kwe-radionuclides ezinamandla aphantsi ngokuguqula amandla ee-radioactive particles abe yisignali yokukhanya. Ukusebenza kwayo kuxhomekeke ekuphuculeni iinkalo zobugcisa ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokuzinza kolwelo lwe-scintillation, uvakalelo lwe-detector kunye ne-encapsulation kunye nokucocwa kwesampuli. Njengenxalenye ephambili ye-encapsulation yesampuli, i-scintillation fluid idlala indima engenakutshintshwa kwezi linki, kwaye uyilo lwayo kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kwetekhnoloji ye-LSC.

Iimpawu eziphambili kunye noyilo lweeVials zeScintillation

1. Imisebenzi yeContainer

• UkutywinaIibhotile ze-scintillation kufuneka zibe nokutywinwa okuhle kakhulu ukuthintela ukuvuza kweegesi ezine-radioactive ngelixa kuthintelwa ukungcola kwangaphandle ukuba kungangeni kwibhotile.

• Ukuhambelana: Iibhotile ze-scintillation kufuneka zihambelane noluhlu olubanzi lwe-scintillation fluids ukuqinisekisa ukuba azisabela ngokweekhemikhali okanye aziguquguquki ngokwasemzimbeni xa zidibene ixesha elide.

2. Ukukhetha Izinto

• Iglasi: ukuhanjiswa okuphezulu ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokudluliselwa kwe-photon; uzinzo olugqwesileyo lweekhemikhali, ukumelana nokugqwala, ifanelekile kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zolwelo lwe-scintillation; inani eliphantsi lemvelaphi, ifanelekile ekubonweni kobuthathaka obuphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, iglasi ibuthathaka kwaye inzima.

• Iplastiki: ilula kwaye ayichaphazeleki, kulula ukuyisebenzisa nokuyithutha. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iiplastiki ziqulathe ii-radionuclides zendalo kwaye azizinzanga kangako ngokweekhemikhali kwaye ziya kusabela kwezinye ii-scintillation fluids.

• Ukugqitywa komphezuluIzinto ezifana ne-silica zigqunywe eludongeni olungaphakathi lwebhotile ukuphucula ukukhanya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokudlulisa kunye nokunyusa imveliso ye-photon.

3. Ukuphucula iMilo kunye noBume

• Uyilo lokuvula ibhotile: Ukuvulwa okuncinci kunciphisa ukuhamba kolwelo, kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokusasazeka kokukhanya kwaye kuphucula ukuhambelana kwesignali.

• Ukuphepha ukukhanya: ibhotile okanye i-coating enombala omnyama inokuthintela ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kwangaphandle, inciphise ingxolo yangasemva kwaye iphucule umlinganiselo wesignali-ingxolo.

• Ezinye iindlela zoyilo ezilungiselelweyo: ii-scintillation vials ezinee-conical bottoms okanye uyilo olukhethekileyo lodonga lwangaphakathi zinciphisa intsalela yesampulu kwaye ziphucula amazinga okubuyisela; ii-micro vials zifanelekile kuvavanyo lwe-micro sample, nto leyo enokunciphisa ubungakanani besisombululo se-scintillation kwaye inciphise iindleko.

Uyilo kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwiibhotile ze-scintillation kunempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwazo. Uvakalelo lokufumanisa kunye nokuchaneka kokubala kwe-scintillation yolwelo kunokuphuculwa kakhulu ngokuphucula ukutywinwa, ukuhambelana, ukukhethwa kwezinto, kunye nemilo kunye nokwakhiwa. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha kunye netekhnoloji, ukusebenza kweebhotile ze-scintillation kuya kuphuculwa ngakumbi ukubonelela ngenkxaso enamandla kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-LSC.

Indima Ebalulekileyo YeeVial ZeScintillation

1. Uvakalelo oluphuculweyo lokuchongwa

• Umgangatho ophantsi wengxolo: Ukunciphisa ukungena kokungcola okune-radioactive ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokukhetha izinto kunye nokuvala, ukusebenzisa iglasi ye-borosilicate ene-potassium ephantsi okanye iiplastiki ezicocekileyo kakhulu ukunciphisa umxholo we-radionuclides yendalo. Iindlela zokuvala nge-vacuum okanye zokuzalisa igesi engasebenziyo zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa impembelelo yokuqhuma kweoksijini kunye nokufuma kulwelo lwe-scintillation.

• Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla: ukuhanjiswa kodonga lwebhotile olulungiselelweyo kuqinisekisa ukubanjwa kokukhanya okukhanyayo ngeyona ndlela iphezulu yisixhobo sokukhangela.

2. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kovavanyo

• Uzinzo lwesampulu: ukuvalwa kwexesha elide ukuthintela ukonakala okanye ukubola, kufanelekile kwiimvavanyo ezinde. Uyilo lwesiciko esisemgangathweni ophezulu luqinisekisa ukuba iisampulu azivuzi okanye azingcolisi ngexesha lokugcina okanye lokuthuthwa ixesha elide.

• Ulawulo lokuphindaphinda: iinkcukacha zesikhongozeli ezisemgangathweni zinciphisa iimpazamo zovavanyo phakathi kweebhetshi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwee-scintillation vials ezinobukhulu obufanayo, imilo kunye nezinto kuqinisekisa iimeko zovavanyo ezihambelanayo.

3. Iimeko zesicelo ezandisiweyo

• Ukufunyanwa kwevolumu encinci: Iibhotile ze-micro scintillation zixhasa uhlalutyo lwesampulu oluphezulu kwaye zifanelekile ukuchongwa kwesampulu ye-micro-volume, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent kunye neendleko zovavanyo.

• Ukuhambelana okugqithisileyo kwimeko: Isebenzisa iglasi ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu okanye izinto zeplastiki ezikhethekileyo, ifanelekile kwi-autoclave sterilization ekhethekileyo yophando lokusingqongileyo okanye kwindawo yokugcina ubushushu obuphantsi.

Iibhotile ze-scintillation zonyusa uvakalelo lokufumanisa ngengxolo esezantsi engasemva kunye nokudluliselwa kwamandla okusebenzayo kwitekhnoloji yokubala i-scintillation yolwelo, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuthembeka kovavanyo ngokuqina kwesampulu kunye nolawulo lokuzala kwakhona. Ukongeza, uyilo oluhambelana nemeko encinci nolugqithisileyo luyandisa ngakumbi iimeko zalo zokusetyenziswa, lubonelela ngenkxaso enamandla kuphando kwicandelo lefiziksi yenyukliya, i-biomedicine kunye nokubeka esweni okusingqongileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuqhubela phambili isayensi yezinto eziphathekayo kunye netekhnoloji yokuvelisa, ukusebenza kweebhotile ze-scintillation kuya kuphucuka ngakumbi, kubeka isiseko esiqinileyo sokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kunye nokwandiswa kokusetyenziswa kokubala kwe-LSC.

Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo

1. Intsimi yezonyango

• Ubungakanani be-radiotracer kwi-radioimmunoassay: I-Radioimmunoassay (RIA) yindlela yokuchonga i-biomolecular ebukhali kakhulu esetyenziswa kakhulu kuhlalutyo lobungakanani beehomoni, amayeza kunye neempawu ze-tumor. Iibhotile ze-scintillation zisetyenziselwa ukubamba ii-antigen-antibody complexes ezineelebheli ze-radio kunye nezisombululo ze-scintillation, ukuqinisekisa ukubonwa ngokufanelekileyo kwee-radiotracers ngokusebenzisa uthumelo oluphezulu kunye noyilo olusezantsi.

2. Ukubeka esweni ukhuseleko lwamandla enyukliya

• Ukufunyanwa kwe-radioisotopes kwinkunkuma yenyukliya: Inkunkuma yenyukliya ineentlobo ngeentlobo zee-radioisotopes ekufuneka zijongwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Iibhotile ze-Scintillation zisetyenziselwa ukufaka izicatshulwa zenkunkuma yenyukliya kunye nolwelo lwe-scintillation ukuze kufunyanwe i-radiographic, ukuthintela ukuvuza kwezinto ezine-radioactive ngokusebenzisa izinto ezimelana nokugqwala kunye nezitywina ezivalekileyo.

3. Isayensi yokusingqongileyo

• Ukulandelela ii-radionuclides kwii-aerosols zomoya: Iiradionuclides kwii-aerosols zomoya zizibonakaliso ezibalulekileyo zokufunda iinkqubo zomoya kunye nongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo. Iibhotile ze-scintillation zisetyenziselwa ukuqokelela nokubona iiradionuclides kwiisampuli ze-aerosol, ukuphucula uvakalelo lokubona iisampuli ezingasebenzi kakuhle ngoyilo lokuthintela ukukhanya kunye nokudluliselwa kwamandla ngokufanelekileyo.

4. Ezinye iindawo zokusetyenziswa

• Ukhuseleko lokutya: Iibhotile ze-scintillation zingasetyenziselwa ukubona ungcoliseko lwe-radioactive ekutyeni.

• Ukudibana kweJografi: ukuphonononga ixesha ngokulinganisa ii-isotopes ze-radioactive ematyeni nakwiiminerali.

• Ukufunyanwa kweziyobisi: iibhotile ze-scintillation zisetyenziselwa izifundo ze-metabolic kinetic zamayeza aneelebheli ze-radio.

Iibhotile ze-scintillation zibonakalise indima yazo engenakutshintshwa kwizicelo ezisebenzayo kwiinkalo ezifana ne-biomedicine, ukujonga ukhuseleko lwenyukliya kunye nesayensi yokusingqongileyo. Ngokusebenzisa uvakalelo oluphezulu, uzinzo oluphezulu kunye noyilo oluhlukeneyo, iibhotile ze-scintillation zibonelela ngenkxaso ethembekileyo yokuchongwa kwe-radioactivity kwaye zikhuthaza uphando kunye nenkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kwiinkalo ezinxulumene noko. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokwandiswa okuqhubekayo kweemfuno zesicelo, iibhotile ze-scintillation ziya kuqhubeka nokudlala ixabiso lazo elikhethekileyo kwiinkalo ezininzi.

Imingeni kunye neMiyalelo yoPhuculo

1. Imida ekhoyo

• Iglasi Ebuthathaka Ikhokelela Kwiingozi Zokusebenza: Nangona iibhotile zeglasi ezikhazimlayo zikhanya kakhulu kwaye zizinzile ngokweekhemikhali, ubuthathaka bazo bunokukhokelela ekuvuthweni kwesampulu okanye ukuphazamiseka kovavanyo ngexesha lokuthuthwa nokusetyenziswa. Oku kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kweendleko zovavanyo, ingakumbi kwizilingo ezisebenzisa amandla aphezulu okanye ezizenzekelayo.

• Iplastiki inokuba neengxaki zokwaluphala: Iibhotile zeplastiki ezincibilikisayo ah ukusetyenziswa ixesha elide okanye ukuvezwa kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo (ezifana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ii-asidi ezinamandla kunye ne-alkalis) zinokuba zigugile, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwehleni kweempawu zomzimba okanye ukuhambelana kweekhemikhali, nto leyo eya kunciphisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuphindaphinda kweziphumo zovavanyo.

• Ingxaki yengxolo yangasemva: Ezinye izinto zeplastiki zinokuba nokungcola kwendalo okune-radioactive, okwandisa inani lemvelaphi kwaye kuchaphazele uvakalelo lokubhaqwa kweesampuli zomsebenzi ophantsi.

• Iingxaki zeendleko kunye nokusingqongileyo: Izinto zeglasi ezisemgangathweni ophezulu okanye zeplastiki ezikhethekileyo zibiza kakhulu, kwaye iibhotile ze-scintillation ezisetyenziswa kanye zinokuba ngumthwalo kwindalo esingqongileyo.

2. Ubuchule bobuchwepheshe

• Uphuhliso lwezinto ezintsha ezidityanisiweyo: Sidibanisa uzinzo oluphezulu lweekhemikhali zeseramikhi kunye nokumelana nempembelelo yeplastiki, siphuhlisa izinto ezintsha ezidityanisiweyo ezisekwe kwiseramikhi ezimelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ukugqwala, kunye nengxolo ephantsi yangasemva, nto leyo ezenza zifaneleke kwiimeko eziqatha kunye nokufunyaniswa kobuthathaka obuphezulu. Uphuhliso lwezixhobo zeplastiki ezinokubola lunciphisa umthwalo kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye lufanelekile kwiimvavanyo ezilahlwayo, ngokuhambelana nengcamango yophuhliso oluzinzileyo.

• Ukuphucula iteknoloji yonyango lomphezulu: ukusebenzisa ii-nanoscale optical enhancement coats eludongeni lwangaphakathi lweebhotile ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokudluliselwa kwe-photon. Ukuphucula ngakumbi uvakalelo lokufumanisa, olufanele ukufunyanwa kwesampulu encinci.

3. Ukuphucula iteknoloji yonyango lomphezulu

• Itekhnoloji yokwaleka i-nano: ii-nanoscale optically enhanced optically coats zifakwa eludongeni lwangaphakathi lwee-scintillation vials ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-photon transmission. Oku kuphucula ngakumbi ukubonwa kwaye kufanelekile ukufunyanwa kwesampuli yokulandelela.

• Iingubo ezithintela ukungcoliswa: Kuye kwaveliswa izinto zokugquma ezithintela ukungcoliswa kwesampulu ukuze kuncitshiswe intsalela yesampulu kwaye kuphuculwe amazinga okubuyiselwa kwesampulu ezixabisa kakhulu okanye iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwakhona.

Nangona iibhotile ze-scintillation zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kubuchwepheshe bokubala i-liquid scintillation, zisajongene nemingeni ethile ngokweempawu zezinto, ukhuseleko lokusebenza kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Ukusebenza kunye nobubanzi bokusetyenziswa kwee-scintillation vials kunokuphuculwa kakhulu ngophando kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuhambela phambili kwesayensi yezinto kunye netekhnoloji yokuvelisa, ii-scintillation vials ziya kwenza inkqubela phambili enkulu kubuntununtunu, ukuthembeka kunye nokuzinza, zifake amandla amatsha kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokubala i-liquid scintillation.

Izigqibo kunye neMbono

Iibhotile ze-scintillation, njengeyona nto iphambili kwitekhnoloji yokubala i-liquid scintillation (LSC), zidlala indima engenakutshintshwa ekufumaneni i-radioactivity ngokuphucula okuqhubekayo kunye nokwenza ngcono izixhobo, izakhiwo kunye neenkqubo. Uyilo lwezinto ezintsha, ukuphucula ulwakhiwo, ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo kunye nezinye izinto eziphuculiweyo zezona zixhobo ziphambili zenkxaso yokuba iibhotile ze-scintillation zibe yitekhnoloji yokubala ulwelo, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-biomedicine, ukujonga ukhuseleko lwamandla enyukliya, isayensi yokusingqongileyo kunye neminye imimandla.

Ngophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwesayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, i-nanotechnology kunye netekhnoloji yokuzenzekela, ii-scintillation vials ziya kufezekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu, uyilo olukrelekrele nolunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kwixesha elizayo. Ezi zinto zintsha aziyi kukhuthaza kuphela ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji yokubala i-liquid scintillation, kodwa zikwabonelela ngezixhobo ezinamandla ngakumbi kunye nenkxaso yophando kwicandelo lefiziksi yenyukliya, i-biomedicine, kunye nesayensi yokusingqongileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, ii-scintillation vials kulindeleke ukuba zibe yinxalenye ephambili esebenzayo, ethembekileyo nezinzileyo yetekhnoloji yokubona i-radioactivity.