Intshayelelo

Ukusukela ekuphuhlisweni kwayo embindini wenkulungwane yama-20, ubuchule bokubala i-liquid scintillation iye yaba lilitye lembombo lophando kwimimandla yefiziksi yenyukliya, inzululwazi yebhayomedical kunye nezokusingqongileyo. Umgaqo ongundoqo ulele kwinto yokuba amasuntswana anamandla akhutshwa ngexesha lokubola kweeradionuclides anxibelelana ne-scintillation fluid, eguqula amandla abe ziifotoni ezibonakalayo. Ezi fotoni ziguqulwa zibe yimiqondiso yombane nge-photodetectors (umz., iityhubhu ze-photomultiplier, ii-PMTs), eziye zihlalutywe ekugqibeleni ukulinganisa ubungakanani bezinto zokusasazeka ngemitha.

Nangona i-aura yolwelo lwe-scintillation yokubala ubuchule isoloko igxile kwi-detector okanye i-scintillating liquid ngokwayo, ii-vials ze-scintillation, njengoko izikhongozeli ezifaka ngokuthe ngqo isampuli kunye ne-scintillating liquid, yinto engundoqo efihliweyo emisela impumelelo okanye ukusilela kovavanyo.

Uyilo lweengqayi zescintillation kuphononongo lwangoku lusajongene nemingeni. Injongo yeli phepha kukuhlalutya ngokucwangcisiweyo impembelelo yomsebenzi kunye noyilo lwe-scintillation vials ekusebenzeni kwabo, kunye nokubonelela abaphandi ngesiseko sethiyori kunye nesikhokelo esisebenzayo ekukhetheni nasekusebenziseni ii-vials ze-scintillation ngokuhlalutya umsebenzi, ukulungiswa koyilo, ukukhetha izinto eziphathekayo, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza.Kwangaxeshanye, ijonge phambili kwindlela yayo yophuhliso yexesha elizayo, ibonelela ngenkxaso yokuphucula ngakumbi kunye nokwandiswa kwesicelo sobuchwepheshe be-LSC.

Isishwankathelo seTekhnoloji yokubala kweLiquid Scintillation

1. Umgaqo osisiseko: IChayini echanekileyo yoGuqulo lwaMandla

Undoqo wokubala kwe-liquid scintillation ilele kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuguqula amandla okubola kwe-radioactive kwimiqondiso ye-optical ngokusebenzisa ulwelo lwe-scintillation, kwaye inkqubo yayo yobuchwephesha inokohlulwa ibe yi-radiation excitation, i-photon generation, i-optical signal capture, kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha.

2. Uhlalutyo lwamacandelo eTekhnoloji aPhambili

• Ukulawula ukuzinza kwesisombululo se-scintillation: ukuphepha i-hydrolysis (umzekelo, i-ethylene glycol-based based scintillation solution idinga ukongeza i-antioxidant BHT) okanye i-photolysis (isisombululo esisekelwe kwi-toluene kufuneka sigcinwe kude nokukhanya); inxalenye yesisombululo se-scintillation (umzekelo, i-ethylene glycol system equkethe i-PPO) kulula ukufunxa iikristale kumaqondo aphantsi (＜4℃), okuya kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ngokukhawuleza kokuphuma kokukhanya.

• Ukwandiswa kobuntununtunu besixhobo: ubugcisa obutsha bokubhaqa obufana ne-silicon photodiodes enempendulo ebanzi ye-spectral kunye nengxolo ephantsi ifanele ukubhaqwa komqondiso wokukhanya obuthathaka; Uluhlu lwe-detector ye-multi-channel inokudibaniswa kunye nokulungiswa kwesignali ehambelanayo ukunyusa isantya sohlalutyo oluphezulu lwesampuli.

• Isampulu ye-encapsulation kunye nokucoca: Isampuli ye-encapsulation kunye nokucoca: I-hermeticity ye-scintillation vials ifuna i-helium mass spectrometry ukuba ithathe izinga lokuvuza elingaphantsi kwe-1 × 10-⁹ Pa-m³ / s, ukuthintela i-oksijini ukuba ingene ukuze iqalise ukuthotywa kwe-oxidative ye-scintillation nayo. Iireyini zokutshintshiselana nge-ion zingasetyenziselwa ukucoca ukususa ii-ion zetsimbi kunye nokunciphisa izinga lokubala ngasemva. I-Zinc nitrate/potassium ferrocyanide isetyenziselwa ukugxila kwi-radionuclides kwisimo se-pelletized, ukunciphisa umthamo wesisombululo kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-encapsulation.

Itekhnoloji yokubala i-Liquid scintillation yenza ukuba kubonwe uvakalelo oluphezulu lwe-radionuclides ene-eneji ephantsi ngokuguqula amandla amasuntswana e-radioactive abe luphawu lokukhanya. Ukusebenza kwayo kuxhomekeke ekuphuculweni kwezinto eziphambili zobugcisa ezifana nokuzinza kwe-scintillation liquid, uvakalelo lwe-detector kunye ne-encapsulation kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwesampuli. Njengenxalenye engundoqo yesampulu ye-encapsulation, i-scintillation fluid idlala indima engenakuphinda ithathelwe indawo kula makhonkco, kwaye uyilo lwayo kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kobuchwepheshe be-LSC.

Iimpawu eziphambili kunye noYilo lweeVials zeScantillation

1. Imisebenzi yesikhongozeli

• Ukutywinwa: Iingqayi ze-scintillation kufuneka zibe nokutywinwa okugqwesileyo ukuthintela ukuvuza kweegesi ze-radioactive lo gama kuthintelwa ungcoliseko lwangaphandle ekungeneni kwi-vial.

• Ukuhambelana: Iibhotile ze-scintillation kufuneka zihambelane noluhlu olubanzi lwe-scintillation fluids ukuqinisekisa ukuba aziphenduli ngokwekhemikhali okanye zikhubazeke emzimbeni phantsi koqhagamshelwano olude.

2. Ukukhethwa kwezinto

• Iglasi: ukuhanjiswa okuphezulu ukunyusa ukuhanjiswa kwefoton ngokufanelekileyo; ukuzinza okugqwesileyo kweekhemikhali, ukumelana nokubola, okufanelekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-scintillation fluids; Ubalo lwangasemva olusezantsi, lulungele ukuchongwa kovakalelo oluphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, iglasi ithambile kwaye inzima.

• Iplastiki: ilula kunye nokumelana nempembelelo, kulula ukuyisebenzisa kunye nokuthutha. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iiplastiki ziqulethe i-radionuclides yendalo kwaye azinzile ngokwekhemikhali kwaye ziya kusabela kunye nolwelo oluthile lwe-scintillation.

• UkuQeda komphezulu: Izinto ezifana ne-silica zigqunywe kudonga lwangaphakathi lwebhotile ukuze kuphuculwe ukukhanya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuhanjiswa kunye nokunyusa imveliso yefoton.

3. UkuPhuculwa koBume kunye noLwakhiwo

• Uyilo lokuvula ibhotile: Ukuvula okumxinwa kunciphisa ukuhamba kolwelo, kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokusasazwa kokukhanya kunye nokuphucula ukuhambelana komqondiso.

• Ukuphepha ukukhanya: Ibhotile enombala omnyama okanye i-coating inokuthintela ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kwangaphandle, ukunciphisa ingxolo yangasemva kunye nokuphucula umlinganiselo wesignali ukuya kwingxolo.

• Olunye uyilo oluphuculweyo: iibhobho ze-scintillation ezinamazantsi e-conical okanye i-design ekhethekileyo yodonga lwangaphakathi lunciphisa i-residu yesampuli kunye nokuphucula amazinga okubuyisela; iivials micro zilungele uvavanyo isampuli micro, leyo inokunciphisa isixa isisombululo scintillation kunye neendleko eziphantsi.

Uyilo kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo zee-vials ze-scintillation kunempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwazo. Ukubona ubuntununtunu kunye nokuchaneka kokubala kwe-liquid scintillation kunokuphuculwa kakhulu ngokutywinwa, ukuhambelana, ukukhetha izinto, kunye nokumila kunye nokwakhiwa. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe, ukusebenza kweengqayi zescintillation kuya kuphuculwa ngakumbi ukunika inkxaso eyomeleleyo kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe be-LSC.

Indima ebalulekileyo yeVials yeScantillation

1. Uvakalelo oluphuculweyo lokubona

• Umgangatho ophantsi wengxolo: Ukunciphisa ukuqaliswa kokungcola kwe-radioactive ngokukhetha izinto kunye nobuchule bokutywinwa, ukusetyenziswa kweglasi ye-borosilicate ephantsi ye-potassium okanye iiplastiki ezihlambulukileyo zokunciphisa umxholo we-radionuclides yendalo. Ukutywinwa kwe-vacuum okanye iindlela zokuzaliswa kwegesi ye-inert zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuqhuma kwe-oksijeni kunye nomswakama kwi-scintillation fluid.

• Ukusebenza kwamandla aphezulu: Ukuhanjiswa kodonga lwebhotile oluphuculweyo luqinisekisa ukubanjwa okuphezulu kokukhanya kwe-scintillation ngumtshina.

2. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kovavanyo

• Uzinzo lwesampuli: ukutywinwa kwexesha elide ukukhusela ukuguquguquka okanye ukuthotywa, okufanelekileyo kwiimvavanyo zexesha elide. Uyilo oluphezulu lwe-cap seal luqinisekisa ukuba iisampuli azivuzi okanye zingcolise ngexesha lokugcinwa kwexesha elide okanye ukuthuthwa.

• Ulawulo lokuphinda-phinda: iinkcukacha zesikhongozeli esisemgangathweni zinciphisa iimpazamo zokulinga phakathi kweebhetshi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-vials ze-scintillation zobukhulu obufanayo, imilo kunye nezinto eziphathekayo ziqinisekisa iimeko zokulinga ezihambelanayo.

3. Iimeko zesicelo ezandisiweyo

• Ukufunyanwa kwe-Micro-volume: Iibhotile ze-Micro scintillation zixhasa uhlalutyo lwesampulu ephezulu kwaye zifanelekile ukufunyanwa kwesampulu ye-micro-volume, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent kunye neendleko zokulinga.

• Ukuhambelana imeko egqithisileyo: Ukwamkela iglasi ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu okanye imathiriyeli ekhethekileyo yeplastiki, ifanelekile kwimo engqongileyo ekhethekileyo yophando lwe-autoclave sterilization okanye ukugcinwa kobushushu obuphantsi.

Iingqayi ze-scintillation zonyusa ubuntununtunu ngengxolo engasemva esezantsi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla okusebenzayo kulwelo lwe-scintillation yetekhnoloji yokubala, kwaye zikwaqinisekisa ukuthembeka kovavanyo ngozinzo lwesampulu kunye nolawulo lokuphindaphinda. Ukongeza, i-miniaturized kunye nemeko egqithisileyo uyilo oluhambelanayo luyandisa ngakumbi iimeko zesicelo, inikezela ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo yophando kwiinkalo zefiziksi yenyukliya, i-biomedicine kunye nokuhlolwa kokusingqongileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuqhubela phambili kwenzululwazi ngemathiriyeli kunye nobugcisa bokuvelisa, ukusebenza kweengqayi zescintillation kuya kuphuculwa ngakumbi, kubekwe isiseko esiluqilima sokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nokwandiswa kwesicelo sokubala kwe-LSC.

Imizekelo Yezicelo Ezisebenzayo

1. Indawo yeBiomedical

• Ubungakanani be-radiotracer kwi-radioimmunoassay: I-Radioimmunoassay (RIA) yindlela yokufumanisa i-biomolecular enovakalelo kakhulu esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuhlalutyo lobungakanani beehomoni, amachiza kunye neziphawuli zethumba. Iibhotile ze-scintillation zisetyenziselwa ukubamba ii-radiolabeled antigen-antibody complexes kunye nezisombululo ze-scintillation, ukuqinisekisa ukufunyanwa okusebenzayo kwee-radiotracers ngokugqithiswa okuphezulu kunye noyilo olusezantsi lwangasemva.

2. Ukubeka iliso kukhuseleko lwamandla enyukliya

• Landela ukufunyanwa kweeradioisotopes kwinkunkuma yenyukliya: Inkunkuma yenyukliya iqulethe uluhlu olubanzi lweeradioisotopes ekufuneka zibekwe esweni ngokuchanekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Iingqayi zeScantillation zisetyenziselwa ukugquma imichiza yenkunkuma yenyukliya kunye nolwelo lwe-scintillation ukuze kubonwe ngeradiographic, ukuthintela ukuvuza kwemathiriyeli ye-radioactive ngokusebenzisa imathiriyeli enganyangekiyo ku-corrosion kunye ne-hermetic seals.

3. Inzululwazi yokusingqongileyo

• Ukulandelela ii-radionuclides kwii-aerosols ze-atmospheric: I-Radionuclides kwii-aerosols ze-atmospheric zizibonakaliso ezibalulekileyo zophononongo lweenkqubo ze-atmospheric kunye nongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo. Iingqayi ze-scintillation zisetyenziselwa ukuqokelela kunye nokubona i-radionuclides kwiisampulu ze-aerosol, ukuphucula uvakalelo lokubona iisampulu ezisebenza kancinci ngoyilo lokuphepha ukukhanya kunye nokudluliselwa kwamandla okusebenzayo.

4. Ezinye iindawo zesicelo

• Ukhuseleko lokutya: Iingqayi zeScantillation zingasetyenziselwa ukubona ungcoliseko lweradioactive ekutyeni.

• Geological dating: ukuthandana ngokulinganisa isotopes radioactive ematyeni kunye neeminerali.

• Ukufunyanwa kweziyobisi: ii-scintillation vials zisetyenziselwa izifundo ze-metabolic kinetic zamachiza ane-radiolabeled.

Iingqayi zeScintillation zibonise indima yazo engenakuthathelwa indawo kwizicelo ezibonakalayo kwiinkalo ezifana ne-biomedicine, ukujonga ukhuseleko lwenyukliya kunye nesayensi yokusingqongileyo. Ngobuntununtunu obuphezulu, uzinzo oluphezulu kunye noyilo oluhlukeneyo, iibhotile ze-scintillation zibonelela ngenkxaso ethembekileyo yokubhaqwa kwe-radioactivity kunye nokukhuthaza uphando kunye nenkqubela phambili yobuchwepheshe kwiinkalo ezinxulumeneyo. Kwixesha elizayo, kunye nokwandiswa okuqhubekayo kweemfuno zesicelo, ii-vials ze-scintillation ziya kuqhubeka nokudlala ixabiso elikhethekileyo kwiinkalo ezininzi.

Imingeni kunye nezikhokelo zoPhuculo

1. Imida ekhoyo

• Iglasi ebuthathaka iKhokelela kwiMingcipheko yokuSebenza: Nangona iibhotile ze-glass scintillation ziguquguquka kakhulu kwaye zizinzile kwiikhemikhali, ubuthathaka babo bunokukhokelela ekuvuzeni kwesampulu okanye ukuphazamiseka kovavanyo ngexesha lokuthutha kunye nokusetyenziswa. Oku kunokukhokelela ekunyukeni kweendleko zokulinga, ngakumbi kwi-high-throughput okanye i-automated experiments.

• Iplastiki isenokuba neengxaki zokwaluphala: Iibhotile zePlastiki ze-scintillation ah ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide okanye ukuvezwa kweemeko ezigqithisileyo (ezifana nokushisa okuphezulu, i-acids eqinile kunye ne-alkalis) inokuguga, okubangelwa ukuhla kwezinto ezibonakalayo okanye ukuhambelana kweekhemikhali, okuya kunciphisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuveliswa kwakhona kweziphumo zovavanyo.

• Ingxaki yengxolo yangasemva: Ezinye izinto zeplastiki zinokuqulatha ukungcola kwendalo okusasazeka ngemitha, ezonyusa ubalo lwangasemva kwaye zichaphazele ubuntununtunu bokubhaqwa kweesampulu zomsebenzi ophantsi.

• Iindleko kunye nemiba yokusingqongileyo: Iglasi ekumgangatho ophezulu okanye izinto zeplastiki ezikhethekileyo zibiza kakhulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwe-scintillation vials enye kunokuba ngumthwalo kwindalo.

2. Izinto ezintsha zobuchwephesha

• Ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezintsha ezidibeneyo: Ukudibanisa ukuzinza kweekhemikhali eziphezulu ze-ceramics kunye nokuchasana kwempembelelo yeeplastiki, siphuhlisa izinto ezintsha ze-ceramic-based composite ezikwazi ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, i-corrosion, kunye nengxolo ephantsi yangasemva, ezenza ukuba zilungele iimeko ezigqithisileyo kunye nokufumanisa uvakalelo oluphezulu. Uphuhliso lwezixhobo zeplastiki ezinokuguquguquka kunciphisa umthwalo kwimo engqongileyo kwaye ilungele imifuniselo enokulahlwa, ngokuhambelana nombono wophuhliso oluzinzileyo.

• Ukuphucula iteknoloji yonyango lomphezulu: ukusebenzisa i-nanoscale optical yokuphucula iingubo kudonga lwangaphakathi lweebhotile ukuphucula ukuhanjiswa kwefoton. Ukwandisa ngakumbi uvakalelo lobhaqo, olulungele ukubhaqwa kwesampulu encinci.

3. Ukuphucula iteknoloji yonyango lomphezulu

• Itekhnoloji ye-Nano-coating: Iingubo eziphuculweyo ze-nanoscale zifakwe kwindonga yangaphakathi ye-scintillation vials ukuphucula i-photon transmission performance. Oku kwandisa ngakumbi uvakalelo lobhaqo kwaye kulungele ukufunyaniswa kwesampulu yomkhondo.

• Iingubo ezichasene ne-fouling: Iingubo ezichasene ne-anti-fouling ziye zaphuhliswa ukunciphisa intsalela yesampulu kunye nokuphucula amazinga okubuyisela iisampuli zexabiso eliphezulu okanye iimeko zokuphinda zisebenzise.

Nangona iibhotile ze-scintillation zidlala indima ephambili kwi-teknoloji yokubala i-liquid scintillation, basajongene nemingeni ethile ngokubhekiselele kwizinto eziphathekayo, ukhuseleko lokusebenza kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Ukusebenza kunye nobungakanani besicelo se-scintillation vials inokuphuculwa kakhulu ngophando kwimiba eyahlukeneyo. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuqhubela phambili kwesayensi yezinto kunye nobugcisa bokuvelisa, iibhotile ze-scintillation ziya kwenza impumelelo enkulu kubuntununtunu, ukuthembeka kunye nozinzo, ukufaka amandla obutsha kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe bokubala ulwelo lwe-scintillation.

Izigqibo kunye ne-Outlook

I-scintillation vials, njengeyona nto ingundoqo ye-liquid scintillation counting (LSC) technology, idlala indima engenakuphinda ithathelwe indawo ekubhaqweni kwe-radioactivity ngokuphucula okuqhubekayo kunye nokwandisa imathiriyeli, izakhiwo kunye neenkqubo. Ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha, ukulungelelaniswa kwesakhiwo, ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo kunye nolunye uphuculo zezona zixhobo zingundoqo zenkxaso yeengqayi ze-scintillation ukuze zibe bubuchwephesha bokubala ulwelo, obusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-biomedicine, ukujonga ukhuseleko lwamandla enyukliya, inzululwazi yokusingqongileyo kunye nezinye iinkalo.

Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwesayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, i-nanotechnology kunye ne-automation technology, ii-vials ze-scintillation ziya kufezekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu, okuhlakaniphile kunye noyilo oluhambelana nokusingqongileyo kwixesha elizayo. Ezi zinto zintsha aziyi kukhuthaza kuphela ukuqhubela phambili kobuchwepheshe bokubala i-liquid scintillation, kodwa zikwabonelela ngezixhobo ezinamandla ngakumbi kunye nenkxaso yophando kwiinkalo zefiziksi yenyukliya, i-biomedicine, kunye nenzululwazi yokusingqongileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, iivials zescintillation zilindeleke ukuba zibe yeyona nto iphambili, ethembekileyo nezinzileyo yetekhnoloji yokufumanisa i-radioactivity.