▶ Intshayelelo

Njengemfuneko eqhelekileyo yemihla ngemihla, iibhotile zokutshiza bezisoloko zidibene nzulu nobomi bethu. Nokuba kukwinkqubo yokucoca yemihla ngemihla, okanye kwindawo yokuzilungisa nokunyamekela ulusu, okanye nakwiibhotile zeziqholo ezikumgangatho ophezulu, iibhotile zokutshiza zinokufumaneka kuyo yonke indawo. Inkangeleko yazo ayisiniki nje kuphela ukulula, kodwa ikwanika iimveliso zemihla ngemihla amava okusetyenziswa acocekileyo nafanelekileyo. Ngenxa yeemfuno ezitshintshayo zoluntu kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, iibhotile zokutshiza ziphuculwe ngokwendlela yoyilo kunye nokusebenza, kwaye ziye zaba lolona khetho luphambili lokupakisha uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso.

Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga imbali kunye nophuhliso lwebhotile yokutshiza yeglasi ukuze sinike abafundi ukuqonda okunzulu ngale mveliso ilula kodwa intsha kakhulu.

▶ Imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso lwasekuqaleni lweebhotile zokutshiza

1. Ukuveliswa Kwasekuqaleni Kweteknoloji Yokutshiza

Ubuchwepheshe bokutshiza bunokulandelelaniswa ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-19, xa babusetyenziswa kakhulu kwicandelo lezonyango njengesibulali-ntsholongwane kunye namayeza okutshiza ngexesha lotyando ukunceda oogqirha benze iinkqubo. Ngokutshiza, iarhente inokusasazwa ngokulinganayo kwindawo eza kunyangwa, into entsha ephucule kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle konyango kwaye yanegalelo ekuthatyathweni nasekuphuculweni kwezixhobo zokutshiza.

Okwangoku, iglasi yayiyeyona nto iphambili ekwenzeni iibhotile zokutshiza. Le nto yeglasi ayinayo ikhemikhali kwaye ayisebenzi lula kwiikhemikhali, nto leyo eqinisekisa ubunyulu kunye nokhuseleko lolwelo. Kwangaxeshanye, ukukhanya kweglasi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona ngokucacileyo imeko yolwelo ebhotileni, nto leyo eyanceda ekujongeni umthamo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yeyona nto ifanelekileyo kwizixhobo zokutshiza ngelo xesha.

2. Uhlobo lwebhotile ye-Glass Spray

Iibhotile zokutshiza zeglasi zakuqala zaphumelela umsebenzi wazo wokutshiza ikakhulu ngetekhnoloji yokuhambisa umoya ngepompo yesandla. Ezi bhotile zokutshiza zaqala ukusetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ingakumbi kwishishini leziqholo. Ekubeni ukusebenza ngesandla kuvumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwesifutho, ezi bhotile zaba yinxalenye efanelekileyo yeemveliso zodidi oluphezulu ezifana neziqholo.

Ngo-1907, uVernon Louis Arnold wasungula inkqubo yebhotile yokutshiza iziqholo ngesandla, eyayiyilelwe ukuvelisa isitshiza esincinci sevumba ngokusebenzisa ipompo yesandla, engaphuculanga nje kuphela amava okusebenzisa ibhotile, kodwa yaqinisa nemvakalelo yomgangatho ophezulu kunye nengqiqo yokusetyenziswa xa kuqholwa iziqholo. Uyilo lukaArnold lwaba sisiseko kunye nomzekelo oqhelekileyo woyilo lwebhotile yokutshiza kwisizukulwana esilandelayo, kwaye lwaphawula inqanaba lokuqala leebhotile zokutshiza zeglasi. Uyilo lukaArnold lwaba sisiseko kunye nomzekelo oqhelekileyo woyilo lwebhotile yokutshiza kamva, luphawula inqanaba lokuqala lebhotile yokutshiza yeglasi.

▶ Uphuhliso lweebhotile zokutshiza kwinkulungwane yama-20

1. Inkqubela phambili kubuchwepheshe beebhotile zokutshiza

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, ubuchwepheshe beebhotile zokutshiza buphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza, ngakumbi ngeminyaka yoo-1940, ngokuqaliswa kwetekhnoloji ye-aerosol, iindawo zokusetyenziswa kweebhotile zokutshiza zanda ngokukhawuleza. Itekhnoloji ye-aerosol ivumela ulwelo ukuba luxutywe ne-propellant kwisikhongozeli esixineneyo, kwaye ngokucinezela iqhosha, ulwelo lungaguqulwa lube yinkungu entle, efanayo yokutshiza. Le teknoloji yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezifana neesepha kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane, yaze yangena kakhulu kwishishini lezimonyo. Ngenxa yokuzinza okugqwesileyo kweekhemikhali zezinto zeglasi, izitshizi ezininzi ze-aerosol zokuqala zayilwa ngokudibanisa i-glass kunye ne-metal nozzles, nto leyo eyaqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwezinto ezikuyo kwaye yaphucula ubume bephakheji.

Kwangaxeshanye, imfuno yeebhotile zokutshiza kwishishini leziqholo iyanda. Iibhotile zokutshiza zeglasi ziyakhawuleza ukuba lukhetho oluphambili lokupakisha iziqholo ngenxa yeempawu zazo eziphezulu nezithambileyo. Iimpawu zeziqholo zibonelela ngamava amnandi nalula okusetyenziswa ngeebhotile zokutshiza, zitshiza ivumba elimnandi elinongwe ukuze zizise ulonwabo olukhethekileyo kubathengi. Kwangaxeshanye, uyilo olucacileyo okanye olunombala webhotile yeglasi luvumela abathengi ukuba bazive ngokwemvelo ubume obuhle bemveliso.

2. Iibhotile zeGlasi ezitshizayo zidibanisa ubugcisa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle

Ngophuhliso loyilo lwezandlakwinkulungwane yama-20, iibhotile zesitshizi seglasi ziqhubekile nokuphucuka kungekuphela nje ekusebenzeni,. Ubugcisa bayo buphuculwe kakhulu. Abayili baqala ukuhlola ibhotile yesitshizi njengendlela yokubonakalisa ubugcisa, ingakumbi kwicandelo leziqholo kunye nezinto zokuthambisa, bejonga ubugcisa beglasi kungekuphela nje njengesixhobo esisebenzayo sokubonakalisa, kodwa kwanobugcisa.

Ukudibanisa isitayela sobugcisa banamhlanje kunye nobugcisa beglasi kwenza ibhotile yokutshiza ibe yinto efanekisela incasa kunye nesimo somntu. Umzekelo, iibhotile ezininzi zeziqholo zenzelwe ukufaka iimilo ezikhethekileyo, imibala, kunye nemihombiso abayili abafuna ukuyiveza, okwenza ezi bhotile zingasebenzisi nje kuphela kakuhle, kodwa zikwabeka ubuhle ngendlela enomtsalane. Ukuguquguquka, ukucaca kunye nobuhle, kunye nokuthungwa kweglasi okukumgangatho ophezulu kunika abayili indawo engenamda yokudala kwaye kuphucula kakhulu ukuthandwa kweemveliso zabo kwimarike.

Olu manyano lobugcisa kunye nokusebenza kwenza ibhotile yesitshizi seglasi ibe ngaphezu nje kwesikhongozeli sokupakisha; kancinci kancinci iba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yophawu kunye nendlela yokuphila yabathengi.

▶ Ubuchule bobuchwephesha kwiibhotile zeglasi zanamhlanje

1. Isidingo soKhuseleko lweNdalo kunye noPhuhliso oluZinzileyo

Ngenxa yokukhathazeka okukhulayo kwihlabathi liphela malunga nongcoliseko lweplastiki, ingcamango yokukhuselwa kwendalo iye yanda kancinci kancinci kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kwaye iibhotile zokutshiza zeglasi ziye zafumana ingqalelo enkulu njengesisombululo sokupakisha esinokuphinda sisetyenziswe. Nangona ukusetyenziswa kweebhotile zeplastiki kuxhaphake kakhulu, ukungaboli kwazo kubeka umthwalo omkhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iglasi ayigcini nje ngokuba yikhemikhali engasebenziyo, kodwa ikwanokuphinda isetyenziswe amaxesha amaninzi, nto leyo enciphisa umonakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani ezininzi zikhetha ukusebenzisa iibhotile zokutshiza zeglasi njengendlela enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kwiimveliso zazo, ukuphendula imfuno yehlabathi yophuhliso oluzinzileyo.

Ukukhuthazwa kweebhotile zeglasi ezizaliswayo kunegalelo ngakumbi kule ndlela. Ngokuziyila ukuze kube lula ukuziqhaqha kunye nokuhlolwa ngokucacileyo, abathengi banokusebenzisa ibhotile enye ngokuphindaphindiweyo, benciphisa inkunkuma yezikhongozeli ezilahlwayo. Olu yilo luzaliswayo luthandwa kakhulu kwiimveliso zokhathalelo lolusu, ivumba elimnandi kunye nokucoca, kwaye alugcini nje ngokuba nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, kodwa lukwanika abathengi ukhetho olungabizi kakhulu.

2. Uphuculo kwiTekhnoloji yokuFafaza

Ubuchwepheshe banamhlanje bokutshiza buqhubele phambili kakhulu, ingakumbi ekuphuhlisweni kobuchwepheshe bokutshiza ngokuchanekileyo. Iibhotile zanamhlanje zokucoca ngeglasi zibonelela ngokutshiza okulinganayo nokucolekileyo kuneebhotile zangaphambili zokucoca. Isiphumo sokutshiza ngokuchanekileyo asivumeli nje kuphela ibhotile yokutshiza ukuba ilawule ubungakanani bolwelo olutshizwayo ngexesha, kodwa sikwaqinisekisa ukuba ulwelo olutshizwayo lwenza inkungu engaguqukiyo, ecolekileyo, ephucula kakhulu amava emveliso.

Ukusetyenziswa kobu buchwepheshe kususela kwiimveliso zobuhle zemihla ngemihla ukuya kwicandelo lezonyango elinobuthathaka ngakumbi. Umzekelo, amanye amayeza afuna isixa esichanekileyo sesifutho ukuze angene kwindlela yokuphefumla, kwaye ubuchwepheshe bebhotile yesifutho seglasi yanamhlanje buyakwazi ukuhlangabezana nale mfuneko yokulawula umthamo ongqongqo. Kwangaxeshanye, iimveliso zokhathalelo lolusu kunye nezokhathalelo lwemihla ngemihla nazo zisebenzisa obu buchwepheshe ukubonelela ngokusetyenziswa okuchanekileyo ngakumbi, okwenza imveliso ibonakale ngakumbi.

Ngamafutshane, iibhotile zeglasi zanamhlanje azigcini nje ngokuba negalelo elibalulekileyo ekukhuselweni kokusingqongileyo, kodwa zikwasebenzisa ubuchule bobuchwepheshe ukuze zithathe indawo yoko, ngaphezu kokusebenzisa amava, kube lukhetho oluyimfuneko lokupakisha kumashishini amaninzi.

▶ Ukusetyenziswa kweeMarike zeeBhotile zeSitshizi seGlasi kunye neempawu zeNkcubeko

1. Uphawu lweSiphelo esiPhezulu seMarike

Iibhotile zesitshizi seglasi zibaluleke kakhulu kwimarike ekumgangatho ophezulu, ingakumbi kwishishini leziqholo nobuhle, apho izixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu, uyilo oluhle kunye nobugcisa obukhethekileyo beebhotile zesitshizi seglasi zibonakalisa indawo eyahlukileyo yophawu.

Imarike yeziqholo igxile ngokukodwa kulwakhiwo lwemveliso iyonke kunye namava okubonakala nokuchukumisa. Xa abathengi bethenga iziqholo, abahlawuleli nje kuphela ivumba, kodwa balindele nokuziva ixabiso leemveliso ezahlukeneyo ngokupakishwa kweziqholo zophawu ngalunye. Uyilo oluhle kunye nobuchule beebhotile zesitshizi seglasi azenzi nje kuphela iziqholo zibukeke zintle ngakumbi, kodwa zikwaphucula ulonwabo lokusebenzisa le nkqubo, okwenza ezi bhotile zeglasi ngokwazo zibe nexabiso elithile lomqokeleli.

2. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabathengi bebhrendi

Ayisiyonto yokugcina iimveliso kuphela, kodwa ikwaluphawu lomfanekiso wophawu kunye nencasa yabathengi, iibhotile zeglasi zokutshiza zivumela iimpawu ezininzi eziphezulu ukuba zenze unxibelelwano olunzulu lweemvakalelo nabathengi ngokusebenzisa uyilo lweebhotile zokutshiza ezenziwe ngokwezifiso nezilinganiselweyo. Ukubandakanya izinto zoyilo ezikhethekileyo okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabaculi abadumileyo kuyilo yimbangela yokuba ezi mveliso zinqongophele kwaye zilambele ubunye obungenakutshintshwa kwimarike, ngaloo ndlela zonyusa inzuzo yokukhuphisana yophawu.

Ngeebhotile zeglasi ezitshiziweyo ezintle, iimpawu azibonisi nje kuphela inqanaba lazo loyilo kunye nentsingiselo yenkcubeko, kodwa zinokubonakalisa incasa yobuqu yabathengi. Uyilo olulungiselelwe wena lunokuhlangabezana neemfuno zobuqu zamaqela ahlukeneyo kwaye luphucule ingqiqo yobuqu babathengi. Nika abasebenzisi uyilo lwebhotile oluqoshwe ngokwezifiso okanye olulungiselelwe wena, ukuze imveliso nganye ibe ngumsebenzi wobugcisa owahlukileyo kumsebenzisi. Olu nxibelelwano luvumela abathengi ukuba bazive bekhululekile ngokweemvakalelo kunye nokuthembeka kophawu ngexesha lenkqubo yokusebenzisa.

Ngamafutshane, iibhotile zeglasi zokutshiza azibonisi nje kuphela ukusebenza kwazo okuphezulu kunye nobugcisa kwiimveliso zemarike, kodwa zikwasebenza njengolwandiso lwenkcubeko yophawu, zidlulisela uphawu lomgangatho ophezulu kunye nencasa yabathengi kwimarike yobunewunewu.

▶ Iindlela Ezihamba Ngayo Nezinto Eziza Kukwenzeka

1. Ubuchule bezinto ezintsha

Njengoko ulwazi olukhulayo ngokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo lukhula, uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo lweebhotile zokutshiza zeglasi luya kunika ingqalelo ngakumbi ekuzinzeni kwezinto kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Nangona iglasi ngokwayo iyinto enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, ukudityaniswa kwezinto ezintsha kuya kuphucula ukusebenza kwayo. Hlola ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha ezinokubola kunye neglasi, okanye uphuhlise izinto ezikhaphukhaphu, ezihlala ixesha elide neziphinda zisetyenziswe ezihambelana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye neempawu zekhabhoni ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi be-microchat kwiimveliso ezizinzileyo.

Ngamafutshane, ikamva leebhotile zeglasi ezitshizwayo liya kuba nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, lisebenze kwaye lenziwe ngokwezifiso. Ayisiyonto nje yokuthwala izinto ezintsha zokupakisha imveliso, kodwa ikwasisixhobo sendlela yokuphila uChengwei Wang anokuyenza ngokwezifiso kwaye uDonghai Hu akhokele umkhwa omtsha wemarike yexesha elizayo.

▶ Isiphelo

Uphuhliso lwebhotile yesitshizi seglasi lubonisa ubuchule obuqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe kunye noyilo. Ukususela ekusetyenzisweni kwayo okulula kwicandelo lezonyango ukuya kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo zayo kwiindawo ezifana neziqholo, izinto zokuthambisa kunye neemveliso zokucoca, ibhotile yesitshizi seglasi ibe lukhetho oluyimfuneko ekupakisheni kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ukujonga kwixesha elizayo, inkxalabo yehlabathi ngokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, inkqubela phambili kubuchwepheshe bezinto ezibonakalayo kunye nokunyuka kweendlela ezikrelekrele, iibhotile zesitshizi seglasi ziya kuqhubeka zithatha indawo ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lokupakisha. Nokuba kukwimisebenzi, ubuhle boyilo, okanye uxanduva lokusingqongileyo, iibhotile zesitshizi seglasi ziya kuqhubeka zikhula kwaye ziqhubeke nokukhokela iimfuno zemarike zexesha elizayo kunye neendlela zabathengi.