Kwizifundo zesayensi zanamhlanje kunye neelebhu zohlalutyo, uzinzo luye lwaba ngumxholo obalulekileyo ongenakuze utyeshelwe. Njengoko imithetho yokusingqongileyo iqhubeka ingqongqo kwaye kugxilwe kwihlabathi liphela ekubeni kubekho ulondolozo lwendalo, amashishini akhangela iindlela zokunciphisa inkunkuma yezixhobo kunye nongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.

Iibhotile ze-scintillation, njengezinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiilabhoratri, zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekugcineni iisampulu ze-radioactive kunye nohlalutyo lokubala i-scintillation yolwelo.Ezi vial ze-scintillation zihlala zenziwe ngeglasi okanye ngeplastiki kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi zisetyenziswa kanye. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ivelisa inkunkuma enkulu yelabhoratri kwaye ikwanyusa iindleko zokusebenza.

Kungoko ke, kuye kwabaluleka kakhulu ukuphonononga iindlela zokusebenzisa ii-scintillation vials eziphinda zisetyenziswe.

Iingxaki ngeeVials zeScintillation zesintu

Nangona uphando lwelabhoratri lunendima ebalulekileyo kwiibhotile ze-scintillation, imodeli yazo yokusetyenziswa kanye ibangela imiba emininzi yokusingqongileyo kunye nezixhobo. Ezi zilandelayo zezona ngxaki ziphambili ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kweebhotile ze-scintillation zemveli:

1. Impembelelo yokusetyenziswa kube kanye kwindalo esingqongileyo

• Ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkumaIilabhoratri zisebenzisa inani elikhulu lee-scintillation vials yonke imihla kwiindawo ezibandakanya iisampuli ze-radioactive, uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali okanye uphando lwebhayoloji, kwaye ezi vials zihlala zilahlwa ngqo emva kokusetyenziswa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqokeleleni ngokukhawuleza kwenkunkuma yelabhoratri.
• Ingxaki yongcoliseko: Ekubeni ii-scintillation vials zinokuba nezinto ezine-radioactive, ii-chemical reagents okanye iisampuli zebhayoloji, amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuba ezi vials zilahlwe phantsi kweenkqubo ezikhethekileyo zenkunkuma enobungozi.

2. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zeglasi nezeplastiki

• Iindleko zokuvelisa iibhotile zeglasi ezincibilikisayo: iglasi sisixhobo sokuvelisa esisetyenziswa kakhulu ngamandla, inkqubo yaso yokuvelisa ibandakanya ukunyibilika kobushushu obuphezulu kwaye idla amandla amaninzi. Ukongeza, ubunzima obukhulu beglasi buyandisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngexesha lokuthuthwa.
• Iindleko zeplastiki ezisetyenziswa kwindaloIilabhoratri ezininzi zisebenzisa iibhotile ze-scintillation ezenziwe ngeplastiki, ezixhomekeke kwimithombo yepetroliyam kwimveliso yazo, kunye neeplastiki ezinomjikelo wokubola omde kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela umthwalo omkhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo.

3. Imingeni yokulahla nokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezintsha

• Ubunzima bokuhlela nokurisayikilisha: Iibhotile ze-scintillation ezisetyenzisiweyo zihlala zine-radioactivity eseleyo okanye iikhemikhali ezenza kube nzima ukuzisebenzisa kwakhona ngenkqubo yokurisayikilisha exutyiweyo.
• Iindleko Eziphezulu Zokulahla: Ngenxa yeemfuno zokhuseleko nokuthobela imithetho, iilabhoratri ezininzi kufuneka zize kwinkampani ekhethekileyo yokulahla inkunkuma enobungozi ukuze zilahle ezi bhotile zilahliweyo, nto leyo engagcini nje ngokunyusa iindleko zokusebenza kodwa ikwabeka nomthwalo owongezelelweyo kwindalo esingqongileyo.

Imodeli esetyenziswa kanye yeebhotile zemveli ezisebenzisa i-scintillation ibeka uxinzelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwizixhobo ngeendlela ezininzi. Ke ngoko, ukuphonononga ezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona kubalulekile ekunciphiseni inkunkuma yelabhoratri, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nokuphucula uzinzo.

Ukufuna iiVials zeScintillation eziphinda zisetyenziswe

Kwimizamo yokunciphisa inkunkuma yelabhoratri, ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza, uluntu lwezenzululwazi luhlola ngenkuthalo iindlela zokusebenzisa iibhotile ze-scintillation ezingasetyenziswa kwakhona. Olu phononongo lugxile ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha, iindlela zokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane, kunye nokuphucula inkqubo yelabhoratri.

1. Ukuvelisa izinto ezintsha

Ukusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo siqinileyo yeyona nto iphambili ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kweebhotile ze-scintillation.

• Iglasi ehlala ixesha elide okanye iplastiki enamandla aphezulu: Iibhotile zeglasi zemveli zokunyibilikisa zibuthathaka, kwaye iibhotile zeplastiki zokunyibilikisa zinokonakala ngenxa yokuhlaselwa ziikhemikhali. Ke ngoko, uphuhliso lwezinto ezichaphazela kakhulu iikhemikhali, ezifana neglasi yeborosilicate okanye iiplastiki ezenziwe ngobunjineli, lunokuphucula ubomi benkonzo yeebhotile zeglasi.
• Izinto ezinokumelana nokuhlanjwa okuninzi kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane: Izinto kufuneka zimelane namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ii-asidi ezinamandla kunye nee-alkali, kunye nokuguga ukuqinisekisa ukuba zihlala zizinzile ngokwasemzimbeni nangokweekhemikhali emva kwemijikelo emininzi yokusetyenziswa. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinokumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokucoca ngoxinzelelo okanye ukucoca okunamandla kwe-oxidative kunokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwakhona.

2. Itekhnoloji yokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lwee-scintillation vials ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye nokuthembeka kwedatha yovavanyo, kufuneka kusetyenziswe iindlela zokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane ezifanelekileyo.

• Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokucoca ezizenzekelayoIilabhoratri zinokuzisa iinkqubo zokucoca ngokuzenzekelayo zeebhotile ezikhethekileyo kunye nokucoca nge-ultrasound, ukucoca ngamanzi obushushu obuphezulu okanye ukucoca ngeekhemikhali ukususa iintsalela zesampuli.
• Ukucoca ngamakhemikhaliUmzekelo, ukusebenzisa izisombululo ze-asidi-base, ii-oxidizing agents okanye izisombululo ze-enzyme, kufanelekile ukunyibilikisa izinto eziphilayo okanye ukususa izinto ezingcolisayo eziqinileyo, kodwa kunokubakho umngcipheko weentsalela zeekhemikhali.
• Ukucoca umzimba: umzekelo i-ultrasonic, i-autoclave sterilization, enciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwee-reagents zeekhemikhali kwaye inobuhlobo ngakumbi nokusingqongileyo, ifanelekile kwiindawo zelebhu ezineemfuno eziphezulu zongcoliseko.
• Uphando malunga netekhnoloji yokucoca engenazintsalela: kwiisampuli ze-radioactive okanye iimvavanyo ezichanekileyo, uphando malunga netekhnoloji yokucoca ukungcola esebenza ngakumbi (umz., ukucocwa kweplasma, ukuchithwa kwe-photocatalytic) lunokuphucula ngakumbi ukhuseleko lokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwee-vials.

3. Ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yelebhu

Iibhotile ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe zodwa azanele ukufezekisa iinjongo zokuzinza, kwaye iilabhoratri kufuneka ziphucule iinkqubo zazo zokusetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba zisetyenziswe kwakhona.

• Yamkela inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwakhona nokusetyenziswa kwakhona: Ukuphuhlisa inkqubo ekwinqanaba lelebhu yokulawula ukuphinda kusetyenziswe, ukuhlelwa, ukucoca kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kweebhotile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa okunzima kuyahlangabezana neemfuno zovavanyo.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha kunye nokuthintela nokulawula ungcoliseko oludibanisayo: iilabhoratri kufuneka ziseke inkqubo yokulawula umgangatho ukuze kuthintelwe impembelelo yongcoliseko lweebhotile kwidatha yovavanyo, njengokusetyenziswa kweebhakhowudi okanye iRFID kulawulo lokulandelela.
• Uhlalutyo lobuchule bezoqoqosho: Vavanya utyalo-mali lokuqala (umz., ukuthenga izixhobo, iindleko zokucoca) kunye neenzuzo zexesha elide (umz., iindleko zokuthenga ezincitshisiweyo, iindleko zokulahla inkunkuma ezincitshisiweyo) zenkqubo yeebhotile ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyasebenza ngokwezoqoqosho.

Ngokusebenzisa izinto ezintsha, ukuphucula iindlela zokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane, kunye nolawulo oluqhelekileyo lwelabhoratri, izisombululo zeebhotile ze-scintillation ezingasetyenziswa kwakhona ziyasebenza ekunciphiseni inkunkuma yelabhoratri, ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuphucula uzinzo lwelabhoratri. Olu phononongo luya kubonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo ekwakhiweni kweelabhoratri eziluhlaza kwixesha elizayo.

Izenzo Eziphumelelayo

1. Uhlalutyo lweenzuzo zokusingqongileyo nezoqoqosho

• Iingenelo zokusingqongileyo: Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki kunye neglasi ezisetyenziswa kanye, kunciphisa umngcipheko wekhabhoni yelebhu. Ukunciphisa iindleko zokulahla inkunkuma kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma kunye neendawo zokutshisa. Ukunciphisa ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma enobungozi (umz., izinto ezingcolisayo ezinemisebe okanye iikhemikhali) kunye nokwanda kokuthobela indalo kwiilabhoratri.
• Iingenelo zoqoqosho: Nangona kubekwe utyalo-mali oluphambili kwizixhobo zokucoca kunye neenkqubo zolawulo eziphuculiweyo, iindleko zokuthenga ezisetyenziswayo zelebhu zingancitshiswa ngama-40-60% kwixesha elide. Ukunciphisa iindleko zokulahla inkunkuma, ingakumbi ekuphathweni ngokukodwa kwenkunkuma enobungozi. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kovavanyo ngokuphucula ulawulo lwelebhu.
• I-ISO14001 (Inkqubo yoLawulo lweNdalo)Iilabhoratri ezininzi zisiya phambili ekuthobeleni umgangatho we-ISO14001, okhuthaza ukunciphisa inkunkuma yelabhoratri kunye nokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Inkqubo yeebhotile ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona iyahlangabezana neemfuno zale nkalo yenkqubo yolawulo.
• I-GMP (iNdlela elungileyo yokuvelisa) kunye ne-GLP (iNdlela elungileyo yokusebenzela elebhu): Kwishishini lamayeza nakwiilabhoratri zophando, ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwayo nayiphi na into esetyenziswayo kufuneka kuhambelane nemigangatho engqongqo yokucoca nokuqinisekisa. Iibhotile ezisetyenziswa kwakhona ziyahlangabezana nale mfuno yolawulo lomgangatho ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zesayensi zokucoca nokubulala iintsholongwane, kunye neenkqubo zokulandelela idatha.
• Imithetho kaZwelonke yoLawulo lweNkunkuma enobungozi: Amazwe amaninzi aqalise imithetho engqongqo yenkunkuma yelabhoratri, efana ne-RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) e-US kunye ne-Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) kwi-EU, ekhuthaza ukuncitshiswa kwenkunkuma enobungozi, kwaye inkqubo yeebhotile ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona iyahambelana nale ndlela.

Inkqubo yeebhotile ze-scintillation ezisetyenziswa kwakhona ibe nefuthe elihle kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, ulawulo lweendleko zoqoqosho, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemisebenzi yelabhoratri. Ukongeza, inkxaso yemigangatho nemigaqo efanelekileyo yeshishini ibonelela ngesikhokelo kunye nokhuseleko lophuhliso lwezilingo ezizinzileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwetekhnoloji kunye neelabhoratri ezininzi ezijoyinayo, le ndlela kulindeleke ukuba ibe yinto eqhelekileyo kwishishini lelabhoratri.

Amathemba kunye nemingeni yexesha elizayo

Inkqubo yeebhotile ze-scintillation ezisetyenziswa kwakhona kulindeleke ukuba isetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengoko ingcamango yozinzo lwelabhoratri iqhubeka. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho imingeni yobuchwephesha, yenkcubeko kunye neyolawulo ekuphunyezweni kwayo. Imiyalelo yexesha elizayo iya kugxila ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha, inkqubela phambili kubuchwepheshe bokucoca kunye nobokuzisebenzela, kunye nokuphuculwa kolawulo lwelabhoratri kunye nemigangatho yoshishino.

1. Imiyalelo yokuphucula ubuchwepheshe

Ukuphucula ukusebenza kweebhotile ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona, uphando lwexesha elizayo kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji luya kugxila kwezi ndawo zilandelayo:

• Ukuphuculwa kwezinto: Yenza iiplastiki zeglasi okanye zobunjineli ezihlala ixesha elide, ezifana neglasi ye-touch-silicate enamandla aphezulu, i-PFA (fluoroplastic) enobushushu obuphezulu kunye ne-chemical-resistant, njl.njl., ukuphucula ubomi benkonzo obuphindaphindwayo beebhotile.
• Iteknoloji yokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane esebenzayo: Kwixesha elizayo, izixhobo zokugquma ezinano-coating zingasetyenziselwa ukwenza udonga lwangaphakathi lweebhotile lube noluphobic ngakumbi okanye oluphobic ngakumbi ukunciphisa intsalela yongcoliseko. Ukongeza, ubuchwepheshe obutsha obufana nokucoca i-plasma, ukuchithwa kwe-photocatalytic, kunye nokucoca ulwelo olungaphezulu kunokusetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokucoca elebhu.
• Iinkqubo zokucoca nokulandelela ezizenzekelayoIilebhu zexesha elizayo zingasebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo ezikrelekrele, ezifana neenkqubo zokucoca iirobhothi, imigca yokubulala iintsholongwane ezenzekelayo, kwaye zifake umkhondo wekhowudi ye-RFID okanye ye-QR ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwebhotile nganye, ukucoca, kunye nolawulo lomgangatho kunokubekwa esweni ngexesha langempela.

2. Imiba yenkcubeko yelabhoratri kunye nokwamkelwa

Nangona inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe yenze ukuba izisombululo zeebhotile ze-scintillation ezingasetyenziswa kwakhona zibe nokwenzeka, utshintsho kwinkcubeko yelabhoratri kunye nemikhwa yokusebenzisa lusengumngeni:

• Uhlengahlengiso lwabasebenzi belabhoratri: abasebenzi belebhu banokukhetha ukusebenzisa izinto ezisetyenziswayo ezilahlwayo kwaye baxhalabile kukuba ukusebenzisa kwakhona iibhotile zeglasi kunokuchaphazela iziphumo zovavanyo okanye kwandise umthwalo womsebenzi. Uqeqesho lwexesha elizayo kunye nokulungiswa kweendlela zokusebenza kuya kufuneka ukuphucula ukwamkelwa.
• Ukuthembeka kwedatha kunye neenkxalabo zongcoliseko oluhlukeneyo: Abasebenzi belabhoratri banokuba nexhala lokuba iibhotile ze-scintillation ezisetyenzisiweyo zingakhokelela ekungcolisweni kwesampuli okanye zichaphazele ukuchaneka kwedatha. Ke ngoko, kufuneka kuqaliswe iinkqubo zokucoca, ukubulala iintsholongwane, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho uyafana noweebhotile ze-scintillation ezilahlwayo.
• Iindleko kunye neMbuyekezo kwiingqwalasela zotyalo-mali: Iilabhoratri ezininzi zisenokuba nexhala malunga neendleko eziphezulu zotyalo-mali oluqalayo, ngoko ke kufuneka zibonelele ngengxelo yobuchule bezoqoqosho ebonisa iingenelo zokonga iindleko zexesha elide ukwandisa ukwamkelwa ngabaphathi belebhu.

3. Ukuphuculwa ngakumbi kwemigangatho yolawulo nokhuseleko

Okwangoku, ulawulo olusemgangathweni lwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwakhona zelebhu lusekwinqanaba lokuqala, kwaye imigaqo yexesha elizayo kunye nemigangatho yoshishino iya kuphuhliswa ngendlela engqongqo nephucukileyo:
Ukusekwa kwemigangatho yomgangatho weebhotile ze-scintillation ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe: Kufuneka kuphuhliswe imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe okanye yemizi-mveliso ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokusetyenziswa kwakhona.

• Ukuthobela imithetho yelabhoratri kunye neemfuno zomthetho: Kwimizi-mveliso eneemfuno zokhuseleko eziphezulu, ezinje ngamayeza, uvavanyo lokutya, kunye novavanyo lwe-radiological, iiarhente zomthetho zinokufuna ukucacisa ububanzi bokusetyenziswa, iimfuno zokucoca, kunye neemfuno zokuthobela iibhotile ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona.
• Khuthaza isiqinisekiso selabhoratri eluhlaza: Kwixesha elizayo, oorhulumente okanye imibutho yezoshishino inokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa iilebhu eziluhlaza ukukhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwezisombululo zelebhu ezizinzileyo kokusingqongileyo, kubandakanya ukunciphisa iiplastiki ezisetyenziswa kanye, ukuphucula ulawulo lwenkunkuma, kunye nokwandisa inani lezinto ezisetyenziswayo eziphinda zisetyenziswe.

Isiphelo

Kwindawo apho uzinzo lwelabhoratri luxhalabisa kakhulu, izisombululo ze-scintillation vial ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe ziye zabonakala zisebenza ngobuchwephesha kwaye zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza kokusingqongileyo, uqoqosho kunye nelabhoratri.

Ukuzinza kwelabhoratri akupheleli nje ekuncitshisweni kwenkunkuma, kodwa kukwaqwalasela uxanduva kunye neenzuzo zexesha elide.

Kwixesha elizayo, kulindeleke ukuba ii-scintillation vials ezisetyenziswa kwakhona zibe lukhetho oluphambili kushishino lwelabhoratri njengoko itekhnoloji iqhubeka iphucuka kwaye imigangatho yeshishini iphuculwa. Ngokwamkela amaqhinga olawulo lobonelelo lweelabhoratri olunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, iilabhoratri aziyi kukwazi nje ukunciphisa impembelelo yazo kokusingqongileyo, kodwa zikwaphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye ziqhube uphando kunye neshishini kwicala elizinzileyo ngakumbi.