Intshayelelo

Iibhotile ze-scintillation zizinto ezifunekayo xa kubalwa i-liquid scintillation, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekulinganiseni umsebenzi wee-radioisotopes. Umgaqo osebenzayo kukubeka ulwelo lwe-scintillation oluneesampuli ze-radioactive kwiibhotile ze-scintillation, kwaye ukusebenzisana phakathi kwee-radioactive particles kunye nolwelo lwe-scintillation kuvelisa i-fluorescence, efunyanwa ziityhubhu ze-photomultiplier ukuze kuhlalutywe ubungakanani be-radioactivity.

Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwiibhotile ze-scintillation kubalulekile kwaye kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuchaneka nokuthembeka kweziphumo zovavanyo. Izinto ezahlukeneyo zineempawu ezahlukeneyo ze-physicochemical, ezifana nokungangeni kweekhemikhali, ukucaca, ukumelana nobushushu, inani lemvelaphi, njl. Ezi mpawu ziya kuchaphazela ukuzinza kwesampulu, ukusebenza kakuhle kokufumanisa, ukhuseleko lokusebenza kunye neendleko zovavanyo. Ke ngoko,Ukukhetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zeebhotile ze-scintillation ngokweemfuno ezithile zovavanyo kunye neempawu zesampulu linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokufumana iziphumo zovavanyo ezichanekileyo nezithembekileyo.

Iibhotile zeGlasi zokuScintillation

Iibhotile zeglasi ezibonisa ukukhanya zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lokubala ukukhanya kolwelo ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okugqwesileyo. Iingenelo zazo zibonakala kakhulu kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweekhemikhali: izinto zeglasi ziyakwazi ukumelana nokukhukuliseka kwezinyibilikisi ezininzi ze-organic, ii-asidi, ii-alkali kunye nezinye iikhemikhali, kwaye akulula ukusabela ngeesampuli, nto leyo eqinisekisa ngokufanelekileyo uzinzo lweesampuli kunye nokuchaneka kweziphumo zovavanyo. Umzekelo, xa ulinganisa iisampuli ze-radioactive kwindawo enamandla ye-asidi okanye ye-alkaline, iibhotile zeglasi zinokuhlala zizinzile, ngelixa iibhotile zeplastiki zinokunyibilika okanye zijike, zichaphazele iziphumo zovavanyo.

2. Ukucaca Okuphezulu: Iglasi ikhanya kakhulu kwaye inokwandisa ukudluliselwa kwe-fluorescence eveliswa sisisombululo se-scintillation, nto leyo ephucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokufumanisa kwe-photomultiplier, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kobugcisa kunye neziphumo zokulinganisa ezichanekileyo.

3. Ukumelana nobushushu obuphezuluIibhotile zeglasi ziyakwazi ukumelana nonyango lokubulala iintsholongwane kubushushu obuphezulu, njengokubulala iintsholongwane ngomphunga, okufanelekileyo kwinkcubeko yeseli, uvavanyo lweentsholongwane kunye nezinye iimvavanyo ezifuna indawo engqongqo yokungabulali iintsholongwane.

4. Ukubala ngexabiso eliphantsi: Izinto zeglasi ngokwazo zine-radioactivity ephantsi kakhulu, enokunciphisa ngempumelelo ukuphazamiseka kwangasemva kwaye iphucule uvakalelo kunye nokuchaneka kokulinganisa, ngakumbi ezifanelekileyo ekufumaneni iisampuli ze-radioactive ezikumgangatho ophantsi.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingxaki ezithile kwiibhotile zeglasi ezibonisa ukunyibilika:

1. Ubuthathaka: Izinto zeglasi zibuthathaka kwaye zikhawuleza ukuqhekeka ngexesha lokusebenza, kukho umngcipheko wokhuseleko wokukrwela abasebenzi okanye ukungcolisa okusingqongileyo, nto leyo efuna ukusetyenziswa ngononophelo.

2. Inzima ngakumbi: Xa kuthelekiswa neebhotile zeplastiki, iibhotile zeglasi zinobunzima obungaphezulu, nto leyo enyusa iindleko zokuthutha nezokugcina.

3. Ixabiso eliphezulu: ngenxa yezinto ezifana nenkqubo yokuvelisa kunye neendleko zezinto eziluhlaza, ixabiso leebhotile zeglasi ezikhazimlayo lidla ngokuba phezulu kunezo zenziwe ngezinye izinto ezifana neplastiki.

Lilonke, iibhotile zeglasi ezisebenzisa i-scintillation zinezibonelelo ezingenakutshintshwa kwicandelo lokubala i-liquid scintillation ngenxa yokubala kwayo okugqwesileyo kweekhemikhali, ukubonakala okuphezulu, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokubala okungaphantsi kwemvelaphi, ngakumbi ezifanelekileyo ekulinganisweni ngokuchanekileyo okuphezulu, indawo enamandla ye-asidi kunye ne-alkali, ukubulala iintsholongwane kubushushu obuphezulu kunye neemfuno zokubala okungaphantsi kwemvelaphi zezona zivavanyo. Nangona kunjalo, iingxaki zobuthathaka, ubunzima kunye nexabiso eliphezulu kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ekukhetheni.

Iibhotile zePlastiki zeScintillation

Iibhotile zeplastiki ezisebenzisa i-scintillation zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwicandelo lokubala ulwelo ngenxa yokuba zilula, zihlala ixesha elide kwaye zifikeleleka lula. Iingenelo zazo zibonakala kakhulu kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. Akulula ukuphula: izinto zeplastiki ziqinile kakuhle, zinokumelana nempembelelo ethile kunye noxinzelelo, azikho lula ukuqhekeka, zisebenza ngokukhuselekileyo nangokulula, zinciphisa umngcipheko wokuqhekeka kunye neengozi zokhuseleko.

2. Ubunzima obuphantsi: xa kuthelekiswa neebhotile zeglasi, iibhotile zeplastiki zilula ngobunzima, kulula ukuzithutha nokuzigcina, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko zothutho kunye nokuhlala kwindawo yelebhu.

3. Ixabiso eliphantsiIxabiso lezinto zeplastiki liphantsi, inkqubo yokuvelisa ilula kakhulu, ngoko ke ixabiso leebhotile zeplastiki ezincibilikayo lihlala linenzuzo ngakumbi kuneebhotile zeglasi, nto leyo enokunciphisa iindleko zovavanyo.

4. Ukuqina kweplastiki: izinto zeplastiki kulula ukuzicubungula nokuzibumba, zingenziwa ngokweemfuno zovavanyo lweemilo ezahlukeneyo, iinkcukacha kunye nemibala yeebhotile ze-scintillation, ezifana neebhotile ezi-conical, iibhotile ezisikwere, iibhotile ezimdaka, njl.njl., ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezizodwa zovavanyo.

Nangona kunjalo, iibhotile zeplastiki ezisebenzisa i-scintillation nazo zinemida ethile:

1. Ayisebenzi kakuhle ngamakhemikhali: Ezinye izinyibilikisi zendalo, ezifana ne-toluene kunye ne-xylene, zinokubangela ukuba iplastiki inyibilike okanye iguquguquke, nto leyo echaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kokufumanisa iityhubhu ze-photomultiplier kwaye ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokubala kunye nokuchaneka kokulinganisa.

2. Ukungafihlisi nto: ukucaca okuphantsi kweplastiki xa kuthelekiswa neglasi kunokunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-fluorescence okuveliswa lulwelo lwe-scintillation, okuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kokufumanisa iityhubhu ze-photomultiplier kwaye ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokubala kunye nokuchaneka kokulinganisa.

3. Ayimelani nobushushu obuphezulu: Uninzi lwezinto zeplastiki azikwazi ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, kwaye unyango lwe-autoclave lunokukhokelela ekuguqulweni kweebhotile zeplastiki okanye ukukhululwa kweekhemikhali, okuchaphazela iziphumo zovavanyo kunye nempilo yabavavanyi.

4. Inani eliphezulu lemvelaphi: Imvelaphi ye-radioactive yezinto zeplastiki idla ngokuba phezulu kuneyeglasi, nto leyo enokunyusa ukuphazamiseka kwemvelaphi kwaye inciphise uvakalelo kunye nokuchaneka kokulinganisa, kwaye ayifanelekanga ukubhaqwa kweesampuli ze-radioactive ezikumgangatho ophantsi.

Ukuqukumbela, iibhotile zeplastiki ezisebenzisa i-scintillation zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwiimilinganiselo eziqhelekileyo, ezixabisa kancinci kunye nezilingo ezifuna ukhuseleko oluphezulu lokusebenza ngenxa yeenzuzo zazo zokuba aziphuki, zilula, azibizi kakhulu kwaye ziyaguquguquka. Nangona kunjalo, iingxaki zazo ezifana nokungangeni kakuhle kweekhemikhali, ukungafihlisi kakhulu, ukunganyamezelani nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokubalwa okuphezulu kwemvelaphi kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa uzikhetha ukuze kuthintelwe ukuchaphazela ukuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka kweziphumo zovavanyo.

Isikhokelo soKhetho lwezinto

Ukukhetha ibhotile ecocekileyo necocekileyo efanelekileyo kufuna indibaniselwano yezi zinto zilandelayo:

Iipropati zeSampuli

1. Iintlobo zezinyibilikisi: Izinyibilikisi ezahlukeneyo zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokuzinza kweekhemikhali zezinto. Umzekelo, izinyibilikisi zezinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-toluene kunye ne-xylene zinokunyibilikisa iiplastiki ezithile, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukukhetha ibhotile yeglasi engenakhemikhali.

2. I-asidi kunye ne-alkali: i-asidi enamandla kunye nendawo ene-alkali iya konakalisa ezinye izinto, kufuneka ukhethe ukusebenza ngcono kwebhotile yeglasi ene-asidi kunye ne-alkali.

3. Ubungakanani be-radioactivity: Iisampuli ze-radioactive ezikumgangatho ophantsi kufuneka zikhethe iibhotile zeglasi ezinomlinganiselo ophantsi ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuphazamiseka okungasemva kwaye kuphuculwe ukuchaneka kokulinganisa.

Iimfuno zovavanyo

1. Ukuchaneka kokufumanisa: Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kufuna ukukhethwa kweebhotile zeglasi ezibonakala ngokucacileyo kakhulu kunye nokubalwa okungaphantsi kwemvelaphi ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokufumanisa kunye nokuchaneka kokulinganisa.

2. Iimfuneko zokuzala: iimvavanyo ezifuna ukubulala iintsholongwane kubushushu obuphezulu zifuna ukukhethwa kweebhotile zeglasi ezimelana nobushushu obuphezulu.

3. Ukhuseleko lokusebenza: uvavanyo lokungqubana ngexesha lokusebenza ukuphucula umngcipheko wokhuseleko lokusebenza kufuneka kukhethwe iibhotile zeplastiki ezingenakuqhekeka ukuphucula ukhuseleko lokusebenza.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lweendleko

1. Iindleko zezinto eziphathekayo: iibhotile zeglasi zihlala zibiza kakhulu kuneebhotile zeplastiki.

2. Iindleko zothutho kunye nokugcina: iibhotile zeglasi zinobunzima obungaphezulu kwaye zibiza kakhulu ukuzithutha nokuzigcina.

Iinketho ezicetyiswayo

1. Iibhotile zeglasi zifanelekile kwiimvavanyo ezifuna umlinganiselo ophezulu wokuchaneka, iindawo ezine-asidi enamandla kunye ne-alkali, ukubulala iintsholongwane kubushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokubalwa okuphantsi kwemvelaphi.

2. Iibhotile zeplastiki zifanelekile kwiimilinganiselo eziqhelekileyo, kwiimvavanyo ezixabisa kakhulu, nakwiimvavanyo ezifuna ukhuseleko oluphezulu lokusebenza.

Ukhetho lokugqibela lwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwiibhotile ze-scintillation kufuneka lulinganiswe neemfuno ezithile zovavanyo kunye neempawu zesampulu. Kucetyiswa ukuba udibane nochwephesha okanye wenze uvavanyo lwangaphambi kokukhetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhetha izinto ezifanelekileyo kwaye ufumane iziphumo zovavanyo ezichanekileyo nezithembekileyo.

Isiphelo

Iibhotile ze-scintillation ezenziwe ngeglasi neplastiki zizinto ezifunekayo kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bokubala i-scintillation yolwelo kwaye nganye ineenzuzo kunye nemida eyahlukileyo. Iibhotile zeglasi zigqwesile kwiimvavanyo ezifuna ukulinganiswa okuchanekileyo, iindawo ezinamandla ze-asidi kunye ne-alkaline, i-autoclaving kunye nokubalwa okungaphantsi kwemvelaphi ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kweekhemikhali, ukubonakala okuphezulu, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokubalwa okuphantsi kwemvelaphi. Kwelinye icala, iibhotile zeplastiki, kunye neenzuzo zazo zokuba aziqhekeki, zilula, azibizi kakhulu kwaye ziyanyibilika, zinendawo kwiimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo, zinobuthathaka kwixabiso kwaye zifuna ukhuseleko oluphezulu lokusebenza.

Ukukhetha izinto ezifanelekileyo kwiibhotile ze-scintillation akuyonto ilula kwaye kufuna indibaniselwano yezinto ezifana nohlobo lwesampulu, iimfuno zovavanyo kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweendleko. Umzekelo, kwiimilinganiselo ezichanekileyo kwiindawo ezine-asidi enamandla kunye ne-alkali, iibhotile zeglasi ngokungathandabuzekiyo zikhetho olungcono, ngelixa kwiimilinganiselo eziqhelekileyo kunye novavanyo olunokuthintela iindleko, iibhotile zeplastiki zibiza kancinci.

Ukukhethwa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweebhotile ze-scintillation linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekufumaneni iziphumo ezichanekileyo nezithembekileyo. Abavavanyi kufuneka bavavanye ngononophelo iingenelo kunye nokungalungi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ngokweemfuno zabo zovavanyo, bakhethe iibhotile ze-scintillation ezifanelekileyo, kwaye bazisebenzise ngokungqongqo ngokweenkqubo zokusebenza, ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka kwedatha yovavanyo, kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso enamandla kuphando lwesayensi-mbumbulu.