Intshayelelo

Iibhotile ze-scintillation zibamba imiqondiso yokukhanya eveliswa kukuvuthuzwa kweesuntswana ze-radioactive ngokusebenzisa izinto ezikhanyayo, umgaqo-siseko wazo usekelwe ekusebenzisaneni kwemitha ye-ionizing nezinto. Ukusukela phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, ziye zaba yinto ephambili kwifiziksi yenyukliya, uphando lwezonyango nolwendalo ngenxa yobuthathaka bazo obuphezulu kunye nokuchaneka kwazo. Ngokwesiko, bezingasebenzi kwizixhobo ezintsonkothileyo kwiilabhoratri zohlalutyo lwe-radioisotopes olusemgangathweni nolunobungakanani.

Iibhotile zokuqala ze-scintillation zazithintelwe bubukhulu bazo obukhulu, ubunzima kunye nexabiso eliphezulu, kwaye zazikhonzwa ikakhulu kwiilabhoratri ezikhethekileyo.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso lwezixhobo zokufumanisa ii-semiconductor ezincinci, uphuhliso kwizixhobo ezintsha ze-scintillator, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo zokufunda eziphathekayo kuye kwaphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokufumanisa kunye nokuphatheka.

Imigaqo yoBugcisa ePhambili yeeVials zeScintillation

1. Iindlela zokusebenza eziphambili

Ukusebenzisana kwezinto ezikhanyayo nezinto ezisebenzisa i-radioactive: Xa izinto ezine-radioactive (umz. i-alpha, i-beta okanye i-gamma rays) zingena kwii-scintillation vials, zidibana nezinto ezi-fluorescent (scintillator) ngaphakathi kwi-vial. Olu nxibelelwano lubangela ukuvuseleleka kwee-molecules okanye ii-athomu kwizinto ezi-fluorescent kunye nokukhululwa kwee-photons emva koko ngexesha lokuyekiswa kokuvuselela, okuvelisa isignali yokukhanya ebonakalayo.

Izixhobo Zokufunda: I-PMT (iThubhu yePhotomultiplier) sisixhobo sokubona iifoto esinobuthathaka kakhulu esikwaziyo ukuguqula imiqondiso yokukhanya ebuthathaka ibe yimiqondiso yombane, ekhuliswa ngakumbi yisekethe ye-amplifier ukuze ekugqibeleni ikhuphe imiqondiso yombane enokulinganiswa. Kwelinye icala, ii-silicon photodetectors luhlobo lwesixhobo sokubona iifoto esisekelwe kwitekhnoloji ye-semiconductor, esikwaziyo ukuguqula ngokuthe ngqo imiqondiso ye-optical ibe yimiqondiso yombane ngokusebenza kakuhle kwe-quantum kunye nengxolo ephantsi.

2. Izalathi zokusebenza eziphambili

Ukusebenza kwee-scintillation vials kulinganiswa ngeemilinganiselo ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo:

Uvakalelo (Umda Wokubhaqwa): Uvakalelo lolona hlobo luphantsi lomsebenzi onokubonwa zii-scintillation vials. Okukhona uvakalelo luphezulu, kokukhona uxinaniso lwezinto ezine-radioactive ezinokubonwa eYurophu luyancipha. Uvakalelo luchaphazeleka kukusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya kwezinto ezikhanyayo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-quantum ye-photodetector kunye nenqanaba lengxolo yenkqubo.

Isisombululo samandla: Isisombululo samandla kukukwazi kwee-scintillation vials ukwahlula phakathi kwamasuntswana ane-radioactive anamandla ahlukeneyo. Okukhona isisombululo siphezulu, kokukhona amasuntswana ane-radioactive anamandla ahlukeneyo anokuqatshelwa kwaye ahlulwe. Isisombululo samandla sixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimpawu ezikhanyayo zezinto ezikhanyayo, ukusebenza kwe-photodetector, kunye nomgangatho wesekethe yokucubungula isignali.

Uzinzo: Uzinzo lubhekisa kubuchule bee-scintillation vials ukugcina ukusebenza okulinganayo ixesha elide. Ii-scintillation vials ezizinzileyo ziyakwazi ukugcina iziphumo ezihambelanayo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zendalo. Uzinzo luchaphazeleka kukuzinza kweekhemikhali zezinto ezikhanyayo, iimpawu zokwaluphala ze-photodetector, kunye nezinto zendalo (umz., ubushushu, ukufuma).

Ukuhambelana kwezinto: Iibhotile ze-scintillation kufuneka zihambelane neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeesampuli, kuquka iisampuli zolwelo, eziqinileyo nezegesi. Ukuhambelana kwezinto kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezikwiibhotile ze-scintillation (umz. iglasi okanye iplastiki) kunye nekhemistri yezinto ezikhanyayo. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeesampuli zinokufuna uyilo olwahlukeneyo lweebhotile ze-scintillation kunye nokukhetha izinto.

Umgaqo-nkqubo ophambili wezixhobo ze-scintillation usekelwe kunxibelelwano lwezinto ezikhanyayo kunye nezinto ezine-radioactive, ezilinganiswa ngokuguqula iimpawu ze-optical zibe ziimpawu zombane nge-photomultiplier tube Shanghai silicon photodetectors. Izalathisi zokusebenza eziphambili ziquka uvakalelo, isisombululo samandla, uzinzo kunye nokuhambelana kwezinto, ezithi xa zizonke zigqibe amandla okufumanisa kunye nokusebenza kweezixhobo ze-scintillation.

Izicelo Ezininzi Ukusuka KwiLebhu Ukuya Kwiliso Lokusingqongileyo

Iibhotile ze-scintillation, njengesixhobo esisebenza kakuhle kakhulu sokufumanisa i-radioactivity, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kuphando olusisiseko lwelabhoratri ukuya ekujongeni okusingqongileyo, ukuya kwizicelo zoshishino nezokhuseleko, kwaye zide zifikelele nakwiindawo ezintsha ezinqamlezileyo.

1. Uphando olusisiseko lwelabhoratri

Uhlalutyo lweNuclide: Isetyenziselwa ukumisela ubungakanani bee-isotopes ze-alpha, beta kunye ne-gamma ray ezifana ne-tritium (H-3) kunye ne-carbon-14 (C-14). Isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo umsebenzi wee-radioisotopes kwimimandla efana nefiziksi yenyukliya kunye nomhla wokujonga ixesha we-geological.

Izifundo zemetabolism yamayeza: Ukulandelela iindlela zemetabolism kunye nokusasazwa kwamayeza kwizinto eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa iikhompawundi ezineelebheli ze-radio (umz., amayeza aneelebheli ze-C-14). Isetyenziswa kwizifundo ze-pharmacology kunye ne-toxicology ukuvavanya ukufunxwa, ukusasazwa, imetabolism kunye nokukhutshwa kwamayeza (i-ADME).

Uvavanyo lokhuseleko lokutya: ukuvavanya ngokukhawuleza izinto ezingcolisa imitha ekutyeni; isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya emva kweengozi zenyukliya okanye kwiindawo ezinemitha ephezulu.

2. Indawo yokubeka esweni okusingqongileyo

Ukubeka esweni imizimba yamanzi: Ukufunyanwa kwee-radionuclides emanzini okusela nakumanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso kusetyenziswa ukuvavanya ubungakanani bokungcola kwamanzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wamanzi uyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko.

Umhlaba kunye nomoya ojikeleze umhlaba: Ukulandelela ukusasazeka kwe-radioactive fallout emva kwengozi yenyukliya, ukujonga ubuninzi be-radionuclide emhlabeni nakwimo engqongileyo, kunye nokuvavanya ukubuyiselwa kokusingqongileyo.

Iisampuli zebhayoloji: Hlalutya ukuqokelelwa kweentsimbi ezinzima okanye izinto ezinemisebe kwizicubu zezityalo nezilwanyana. Zisetyenziswa kwizifundo ze-ecotoxicology ukuvavanya impembelelo yongcoliseko lwemisebe kwi-ecosystem.

3. Izicelo zoshishino nezokhuseleko

Uvavanyo olungatshabalalisiyo: ukujonga ukuvuza kwezinto ezinemisebe kwizixhobo zoshishino. Zisetyenziswa kwizikhululo zamandla enyukliya, kwiikhemikhali zepetroli, njl.njl., ukuvavanya ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kwezixhobo.

Ukukhuselwa kwimitha: isetyenziswa njengeqabane leedosimitha zobuqu ukujonga idosi yemitha efunyanwa ngabasebenzi. Kwizibonelelo zenyukliya, kumasebe e-radiology ezibhedlele nakwezinye iindawo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemitha.

Impendulo engxamisekileyo: ukuvavanya ngokukhawuleza amanqanaba emitha xa kwenzeka ingozi yenyukliya okanye ukuvuza kwezinto ezinemitha. Isetyenziselwa ukujonga imitha kunye nokuxhasa izigqibo ezingxamisekileyo kwiindawo zentlekele.

4. Iindawo ezikhulayo ezinqamlezileyo

I-biomedical: Ukuqinisekiswa kweelebheli ze-radiolabeling zonyango lomhlaza ukuqinisekisa ukujoliswa kwamayeza kunye nokusebenza kwawo. Kunyango lwe-radioisotope, ukulandelela ukusasazwa kwamayeza kunye ne-metabolism.

Izinto ezincinci: ukufunda isiphumo sokusebenzisana kwee-nanoparticles ekufumaneni i-radioactivity ukuphucula uvakalelo lokufumanisa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Phuhlisa izixhobo ezintsha ze-nano-scintillator zokufumanisa i-radioactivity echanekileyo kakhulu.

Ukuhlola isithuba: yokufumanisa imitha ye-cosmic kunye nokufunda iziphumo zendalo yemitha ye-spacecraft kwi-spacecraft nakwi-astronauts. Vavanya ukusebenza kwezixhobo zokukhusela imitha ye-spacecraft ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemisebenzi ye-spacecraft.

Ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kwee-scintillation vials kugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lweemeko ukusuka kuphando olusisiseko lwelabhoratri ukuya ekujongeni okusingqongileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso nokhuseleko, kunye neendawo ezintsha ezinqamlezileyo. Uvakalelo oluphezulu, ukuchaneka kunye nokuhambelana kwazo kuzenza zibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokufumanisa i-radioactivity, zidlala indima engenakutshintshwa kuphando lwesayensi, ukhuseleko okusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko olusebenzayo kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe obukhulayo.

Ubuchule Bobuchwepheshe Buqhuba Imisebenzi Emininzi

Iibhotile ze-scintillation ezinemisebenzi emininzi azinakucwangciswa kwaye zaphuhliswe ngaphandle kokukhuthazwa kobuchule bokuyila, ingakumbi kwisayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, ukuphuculwa okukrelekrele kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni kunye nokuphumelela kwenkxaso yomthetho.

1. Uphuhliso lwesayensi yezinto eziphathekayo

Izixhobo ezintsha ze-scintillator: i-cesium iodide efakwe i-thallium, ii-scintillators ezisekelwe kwi-lutetium, ii-organic scintillators, ii-nano-scintillators, njl.njl., ezinokuphucula uvakalelo, zinciphise imida yokubhaqwa, zinciphise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, zandise ubomi bezixhobo, ziphucule uzinzo lwezinto, kwaye zilungelelanise neendawo ezintsonkothileyo (umz., ubushushu obuphezulu, ukufuma okuphezulu).

2. Ukuphuculwa okukrelekrele

Ii-algorithms zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukunceda kuhlalutyo lwedatha: ii-algorithms zokufunda koomatshini zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga ngokuzenzekelayo iintlobo ze-nuclide, ukuphucula ukuchaneka nokusebenza kakuhle kohlalutyo lwedatha. Lungiselela ukucutshungulwa kwemiqondiso ngokusebenzisa iimodeli zokufunda nzulu ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwengxolo, ukuphucula ukuchaneka kokufunyanwa, kunye nokufezekisa uhlalutyo olukhawulezileyo kunye nokulinganiswa kweesampuli ezixutyiweyo ze-nuclide ezininzi.

Iqonga lelifu kunye netekhnoloji ye-IoT: yakha iqonga lokwabelana ngedatha ngexesha langempela ukuze kuphunyezwe inethiwekhi yokubeka iliso kwi-radioactivity yehlabathi. Xhasa ukubeka iliso kwindalo esingqongileyo ngokubanzi kunye nokuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka ngokubeka iliso kude kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha, kwaye unikezele ngezixhobo zokubonisa idatha ukunceda abenzi bezigqibo baqonde ngokukhawuleza ukusasazwa kwemitha kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswayo.

(Iingenelo: Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula idatha kunye nokunciphisa ukungenelela kwabantu; ukuqaphela ukujonga kude kunye nokulumkisa kwangethuba ngexesha langempela, kunye nokuphucula amandla okuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka; ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano yehlabathi kunye nokwabelana ngedatha, kunye nokukhuthaza uphando lwesayensi kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji.)

Ubuchule bobuchwephesha yeyona nto iphambili eqhuba ukusebenza kwezixhobo ze-scintillation. Uphuhliso kwisayensi yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nezixhobo ezintsha ze-scintillator luphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kokufumanisa; ukuphuculwa okukrelekrele kwenze uhlalutyo lwedatha lwaba nempumelelo ngakumbi kwaye luchaneke. Ezi zinto zintsha azigcini nje ngokwandisa iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-scintillation, kodwa zikwakhuthaza uphuhliso olupheleleyo lwetekhnoloji yokufumanisa i-radioactivity, zibonelela ngenkxaso enamandla kuphando lwesayensi, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko lwenyukliya.

Imingeni kunye neZisombululo

Iibhotile ze-scintillation zijongene nemingeni emininzi ekusetyenzisweni ngokubanzi, kuquka imiba yeendleko, ubunzima bokusebenza, kunye nonyango lwangaphambi kwesampuli. Ukuphendula le micimbi, eli shishini licebise izisombululo ezahlukeneyo zokuqhubela phambili uphuhliso kunye nokusasazwa kobuchwepheshe.

1. Iingxaki ezikhoyo

Iindleko eziphezulut: Iindleko eziphezulu zophando nophuhliso lwezixhobo ezincinci kunye nezixhobo ezisebenza kakuhle zithintela ukusasazwa okukhulu. Izixhobo zovavanyo ezinobuzaza kakhulu zibiza kakhulu kwaye kunzima ukuzichaza ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezinqongopheleyo okanye kwiilabhoratri ezincinci neziphakathi.

Ubunzima bokusebenza: Izixhobo zokufumanisa imitha zihlala zifuna abasebenzi abakhethekileyo ukuze basebenze kwaye balondoloze, nto leyo eyonyusa umda wokusetyenziswa. Iinkqubo zokuphatha iisampulu ezintsonkothileyo kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha zibeka iimfuno zobugcisa eziphezulu kubasebenzi abangengabo abakhethekileyo.

Imizekelo yemida yangaphambi konyango: Ezinye iisampulu (umz., umhlaba, izicubu zebhayoloji) zifuna unyango olucwangcisiweyo noluntsonkothileyo lwangaphambi kovavanyo (umz., ukunyibilika, ukuhluzwa, uxinaniso), nto leyo eyandisa ixesha lovavanyo kunye neendleko. Amanyathelo onyango lwangaphambi konyango anokubangela iimpazamo ezinokuchaphazela ukuchaneka kweziphumo zovavanyo.

2. Amaqhinga okuphendula

Ukwenziwa kwe-Miniaturization kunye nophuhliso lwe-sensor olungabizi kakhulu: Uphuhliso lwezixhobo zokuvavanya ezincinci neziphathekayo ngokusebenzisa itekhnoloji edibeneyo ukunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Hlola izixhobo ezintsha ze-scintillator ezingabizi kakhulu kunye nee-photodetectors ukuze zithathe indawo yezinto zemveli ezibizayo. Yila izixhobo zokuvavanya zibe yisakhiwo semodyuli ukuze kube lula ukugcinwa nokuhlaziywa, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokusetyenziswa ixesha elide.

Uyilo lwe-interface olusebenziseka lula kunye nokwenza ngcono inkqubo ngokuzenzekelayo: Ukuphuhlisa i-interfaces yomsebenzisi enobuchule ebonelela ngesikhokelo sokusebenza kunye nempendulo yexesha langempela ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa lula. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yokucubungula iisampulu ezenzekelayo kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha kunciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla kwaye kuphucula ukusebenza kovavanyo. Isebenzisa itekhnoloji yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukubonelela ngeengcebiso zokusebenza kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ukunceda abo bangengoochwephesha baqalise ngokukhawuleza.

Izinto ezintsha ezidityanisiweyo kwiiteknoloji zangaphambi kokucubungula: uphuhliso lwee-assays ezingadingi ukucubungula okuntsonkothileyo kwangaphambili (umz., ukulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo iisampuli eziqinileyo okanye ezinegesi), ukwenza lula inkqubo yokusebenza. Ukudibanisa amanyathelo onyango lwangaphambi kwesampulu kwizixhobo zokufumanisa ukuze kufunyanwe ngokudibeneyo. Phuhlisa iindlela zonyango lwesampulu ezisebenzayo (umz. ukugaya nge-microwave, ukukhupha nge-ultrasonic) ukuze kufinyezwe ixesha langaphambi konyango.

Nangona ii-scintillation vials zijongene nemingeni kwizicelo ezifana neendleko, ubunzima bokusebenza kunye nonyango lwangaphambi kwesampulu, le micimbi ijongwa ngokuthe ngcembe ngokwenziwa kwe-miniaturization kunye nophuhliso lwe-sensor olungabizi kakhulu, uyilo olusebenziseka lula kumsebenzisi-wena, kunye noyilo oludibeneyo kubuchwepheshe bangaphambi konyango. Ezi ndlela zokujongana nazo azinciphisi nje kuphela umda wetekhnoloji, kodwa zikwaphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokufumanisa kunye nokuchaneka. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuqhubela phambili kwitekhnoloji, ii-scintillation vials ziya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo ngakumbi.

Imbono yexesha elizayo

Iibhotile ze-scintillation, njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokufumanisa i-radioactivity, ziya kuzisa amathuba amatsha ophuhliso ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso entsha yetekhnoloji kunye nokukwazi ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwixesha elizayo.

1. Iindlela zobugcisa

Ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezininzi: Ukuphuhlisa izixhobo ezidibanisa izinzwa zeekhemikhali kunye nemisebenzi yokufumanisa i-radioactivity ukuze kufunyanwe ngaxeshanye izinto zeekhemikhali kunye nee-radionuclides kwiisampuli. Ukwandisa uluhlu lwezicelo ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokufumanisa obuneendlela ezininzi zokujonga okusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko lokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-biomedical.

2. Amandla okufaka isicelo

Ukubeka iliso kwiqhwa elikwi-polar kwimeko yotshintsho lwemozulu kwihlabathi liphela: ukufunda impembelelo yotshintsho lwemozulu ekunyibilikeni kweqhwa kunye nokuthuthwa kongcoliseko ngokufumanisa ii-radionuclides kwiqhwa elikwi-polar. Kusetyenziswa idatha yokufumanisa i-radionuclide, impembelelo yotshintsho lwemozulu kwihlabathi jikelele kwi-polar ecosystems iya kuvavanywa, inike isiseko sesayensi semigaqo-nkqubo yokukhusela okusingqongileyo.

Inkxaso yoqoqosho olujikelezayo kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwamandla enyukliya: Ukuphuhlisa ubuchwepheshe bokufumanisa ubuthathaka obuphezulu bokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nolawulo lwee-radionuclides kwinkunkuma yenyukliya ukuxhasa ukuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma yenyukliya. Ukubeka esweni ukusasazwa kunye noxinzelelo lwezinto ezine-radioactive ngexesha lomjikelo wamafutha enyukliya kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuzinza kokusetyenziswa kwamandla enyukliya.

Kwixesha elizayo, ii-scintillation vials ziya kuphucula ngakumbi amandla azo okufumanisa kunye nobubanzi bokusetyenziswa, ziqhutywa ziindlela zobuchwepheshe ezifana nokufumanisa izinto ezininzi. Okwangoku, ngokubhekiselele kwizixhobo ezinokwenzeka ezifana nokubeka esweni i-polar glacier kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lwamandla enyukliya, ii-scintillation vials ziya kubonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo kuphando lotshintsho lwemozulu lwehlabathi kunye noqoqosho olujikelezayo lwamandla enyukliya. Ngokuqhubeka kweteknoloji, ii-scintillation vials ziya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi kwaye zenze igalelo elikhulu kuphando lwesayensi kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo.

Isiphelo

Iibhotile ze-scintillation, njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya i-radiographic, ziye zaguquka kancinci kancinci ukusuka ekuqaleni kwazo okuthobekileyo njengesixhobo esinye selabhoratri ukuya kwisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.

Uphuhliso lwee-scintillation vials lubonisa amandla okuvelisa izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye utshintsho oluvela kwisixhobo esinye selabhoratri ukuya kwisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezininzi lubonisa ixabiso laso elibalulekileyo kuphando lwesayensi kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nokwanda okuqhubekayo kweemeko zokusetyenziswa, ii-scintillation vials ziya kudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kukhuseleko lwenyukliya lwehlabathi, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo.