Intshayelelo

Iingqayi ze-scintillation zibamba izibonakaliso zokukhanya eziveliswa yi-excitation yamasuntswana e-radioactive ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ze-fluorescent, umgaqo ongundoqo osekelwe ekusebenzisaneni kwemitha ye-ionizing nge-matter. Ukusukela phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, baye baba sisiseko sefiziksi yenyukliya, uphando lwezonyango kunye nendalo esingqongileyo ngenxa yobuntununtunu obuphezulu kunye neenkcukacha zabo. Ngokwemveli, baye bangashukumi kwizixhobo ezintsonkothileyo kwiilabhoratri zophononongo lomgangatho kunye nobungakanani beeradioisotopes.

Iingqayi ze-scintillation zakwangoko zazilinganiselwe ngobukhulu bazo obukhulu, ukuntsonkotha kunye neendleko eziphezulu, kwaye zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiilabhoratri ezikhethekileyo.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso lwe-miniaturized semiconductor detectors, impumelelo kwizinto ezintsha ze-scintillator, kunye nokudityaniswa kwabafundi abaphathekayo kuye kwaphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuphatheka.

IMithetho-siseko yobuGcisa engundoqo ye-Scantillation Vials

1. Iindlela zokusebenza ezingundoqo

Ukusebenzisana kwemathiriyeli ye-fluorescent kunye ne-radioactive material: Xa imathiriyeli ye-radioactive (umz. i-alpha, i-beta okanye i-gamma ray) ingena kwi-vial ye-scintillation, idibana nemathiriyeli ye-fluorescent (scintillator) ngaphakathi kwe-vial. Olu nxibelelwano lubangela ukuvuswa kweeathomu okanye iiathomu kwizinto ze-fluorescent kunye nokukhululwa okulandelayo kweefotoni ngexesha lokukhupha, ukuvelisa umqondiso wokukhanya obonakalayo.

Izixhobo zokufunda: I-PMT (I-Photomultiplier Tube) sisikhangeli seefoto esinovakalelo oluphezulu esikwaziyo ukuguqula imiqondiso yokukhanya ebuthathaka ibe ziimpawu zombane, ezithi zandiswe ngakumbi yisekethe yeamplifier ekugqibeleni ikhuphe imiqondiso yombane enokulinganiswa. I-Silicon photodetectors, kwelinye icala, luhlobo lwe-photodetector esekelwe kwi-teknoloji ye-semiconductor, ekwazi ukuguqula ngokuthe ngqo imiqondiso ye-optical kwimiqondiso yombane kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-quantum kunye nengxolo ephantsi.

2. Iimpawu eziphambili zokusebenza

Ukusebenza kwe-scintillation vials kulinganiswa ngezinye iimetriki eziphambili ezimbalwa:

Uvakalelo (Umda wokuFumana): Uvakalelo ngowona msebenzi uphantsi onokubonwa nge-scintillation vials. Okukhona uvakalelo luphezulu, kokukhona kusezantsi ukuxinana kwemathiriyeli yeradioactive enokubhaqwa eYurophu. I-sensitivity ichaphazeleka ngokusebenza kakuhle kwe-luminescence yezinto ze-fluorescent, ubuninzi be-quantum ye-photodetector kunye nenqanaba lengxolo yenkqubo.

Isisombululo samandla: Isisombululo samandla kukukwazi kwe-scintillation vials ukwahlula phakathi kwamasuntswana e-radioactive yamandla ahlukeneyo. Okukhona isisombululo siphezulu, kokukhona ngokuchanekileyo amasuntswana eradioactive yamandla awohlukeneyo anokwaziwa kwaye ahluke. Isisombululo samandla sixhomekeke ubukhulu becala kwiipropati ze-luminescent ze-fluorescent material, ukusebenza kwe-photodetector, kunye nomgangatho wesekethe yokucwangcisa umqondiso.

Uzinzo: Ukuzinza kubhekiselele kwisakhono se-scintillation vials ukugcina ukusebenza okuhambelanayo ngexesha elide. Iibhobho ze-scintillation ezizinzileyo ziyakwazi ukugcina iziphumo ezihambelanayo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo. Ukuzinza kuchaphazeleka ngokuzinza kweekhemikhali zezinto ze-fluorescent, iimpawu zokuguga ze-photodetector, kunye nezinto ezisingqongileyo (umzekelo, ubushushu, umswakama).

Ukuhambelana kwezinto: Iibhotile ze-scintillation kufuneka zihambelane neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeesampulu, kubandakanywa iisampuli zolwelo, eziqinileyo kunye negesi. Ukuhambelana kwezinto kuxhomekeke kwimathiriyeli ye-scintillation vials (umz. iglasi okanye iplastiki) kunye nekhemikhali yemathiriyeli yefluorescent. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeesampulu zinokufuna uyilo olwahlukileyo lwe-vial ye-scintillation kunye nokukhetha kwemathiriyeli.

Umgaqo ongundoqo wezobugcisa we-scintillation vials usekwe ekusebenzisaneni kwezixhobo ze-fluorescent kunye nezinto ezinomsakazo, olinganiswa ngokuguqula imiqondiso ye-optical ibe yimiqondiso yombane nge-photomultiplier tube Shanghai silicon photodetectors. Iimpawu eziphambili zokusebenza ziquka ubuntununtunu, isisombululo samandla, uzinzo kunye nokuhambelana kwezinto eziphathekayo, ezithi zidibanise amandla okubona kunye nokusebenza kweevials ze-scintillation.

Izicelo eziNyezo ezisuka kwiLebhu ukuya kuHlolo lweNdawo

Iingqayi ze-scintillation, njengesixhobo esisebenza kakhulu ekubhaqweni kwe-radioactivity, zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ngeenkalo, ukusuka kuphando lwelabhoratri olusisiseko ukuya kuhlolo lwendalo esingqongileyo, ukuya kwimizi-mveliso kunye nokhuseleko izicelo, kunye nokunabela kwiindawo ezivelayo ezinqumlayo.

1. Uphando olusisiseko lwebhubhoratri

Uhlalutyo lwe-Nuclide: Isetyenziselwa ukumisela ubungakanani be-alpha, i-beta kunye ne-gamma ray isotopes njenge-tritium (H-3) kunye ne-carbon-14 (C-14). Isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo umsebenzi we-radioisotopes kwiinkalo ezifana nefiziksi yenyukliya kunye ne-geological dating.

Izifundo zemetabolism yeziyobisi: Ukulandelela iindlela ze-metabolic kunye nokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi kwizinto eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa iikhompawundi ezine-radiolabeled (umzekelo, iziyobisi ezibhalwe ngu-C-14). Isetyenziswa kwizifundo ze-pharmacology kunye ne-toxicology ukuvavanya ukufunxa, ukusasazwa, imetabolism kunye nokukhupha (ADME) kwamachiza.

Uvavanyo lokhuseleko lokutya: ukuhlolwa ngokukhawuleza kweengcoliseko ze-radioactive ekutyeni; isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya emva kweengozi zenyukliya okanye kwiindawo eziphezulu zemitha.

2. Indawo yokubeka iliso kokusingqongileyo

Ukubeka iliso kwimithombo yamanzi: Ukufunyanwa kweeradionuclides kumanzi okusela kunye namanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso asetyenziselwa ukuvavanya inqanaba lokungcoliseka kwemithombo yamanzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wamanzi uyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko.

Umhlaba kunye nomoya: Ukulandelela ukusasazeka kwe-radioactive fallout emva kwengozi yenyukliya, ukubeka esweni ukugxilwa kweradionuclide emhlabeni nakwi-atmosfera, nokuvavanya ukuchacha kokusingqongileyo.

Iisampulu zebhayoloji: Hlalutya uqokelelo lwesinyithi esinzima okanye izinto ezine-radioactive kwizityalo nezilwanyana. Isetyenziswa kwizifundo ze-ecotoxicology ukuvavanya impembelelo yongcoliseko lwe-radioactive kwi-ikhosistim.

3. Ushishino kunye nezicelo zokhuseleko

Uvavanyo olungonakalisi: ukubeka esweni ukuvuza kwezixhobo ze-radioactive kwizixhobo zoshishino. Isetyenziswa kwizityalo zamandla enyukliya, iikhemikhali zepetroli, njl.njl., kuvavanyo lokhuseleko lwezixhobo kunye nokuthembeka.

Ukhuseleko kwimitha: isetyenziswa njengeqabane kwiidosimitha zobuqu ukujonga ithamo lemitha elifunyenwe ngabasebenzi. Kwizibonelelo zenyukliya, amasebe e-radiology esibhedlele kunye nezinye iindawo zokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokusasazeka kwemitha.

Impendulo engxamisekileyo: kuvavanyo olukhawulezileyo lwamanqanaba okusasazeka kwemitha kwimeko yengozi yenyukliya okanye ukuvuza kwesixhobo sokusasazeka ngemitha. Isetyenziselwa ukubeka iliso ngemitha kunye nenkxaso yezigqibo ezingxamisekileyo kwiindawo zentlekele.

4. Iindawo ezisahlumayo ezinqumlayo

I-Biomedical: Ukuqinisekiswa kweRadiolabeling kunyango lomhlaza ukuqinisekisa ukujoliswa kweziyobisi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Kunyango lwe-radioisotope, ukulandelela ukuhanjiswa kweziyobisi kunye nemetabolism.

Nanomatadium: ukufunda impembelelo ye-synergistic ye-nanoparticles ekubhaqweni kwe-radioactivity ukuphucula ubuntununtunu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Phuhlisa izixhobo ezintsha ze-nano-scintillator ukuze ufumane ukuchaneka okuphezulu kwe-radioactivity.

Ukuhlola indawo: ukufumanisa imitha ye-cosmic kunye nokufunda iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo ngemitha ye-space kwiziphekepheke kunye noosomajukujuku. Vavanya ukusebenza kwezixhobo zokukhusela ukusasazeka kwemitha yesiphekepheke ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemishini yasemajukujukwini.

Ukusetyenziswa okuguquguqukayo kweengqayi zescintillation zibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lweemeko ukusuka kuphando lwebhubhoratri esisiseko ukuya ekubekweni iliso kokusingqongileyo, usetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso kunye nokhuseleko, kunye neendawo ezivelayo ezinqamlezileyo. Ubuntununtunu obuphezulu, ukuchaneka kunye nokuhambelana kwazo kuzenza zibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokubonwa kwe-radioactivity, zidlala indima engenakuthathelwa indawo kuphando lwezenzululwazi, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko lwamashishini kunye nophuhliso lobuchwephesha obuvelayo.

I-Technology Innovation Drives Multifunctionality

Iingqayi ze-scintillation ezininzi azikwazi ukucwangciswa kwaye ziphuhliswe ngaphandle kokukhuthazwa kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, ngakumbi kwisayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, ukuphuculwa okuhlakaniphile kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni kunye nenkxaso yokulawula impumelelo.

1. Izinto eziphunyeziweyo zenzululwazi

Izinto ezintsha ze-scintillator: i-thallium-doped cesium iodide, i-lutetium-based scintillators, i-organic scintillators, i-nano-scintillators, njl., enokuphucula ukuvakalelwa, ukunciphisa imida yokufumanisa, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukwandisa ubomi bezixhobo, ukuphucula ukuzinza kwezinto, kunye nokulungelelanisa kwiindawo ezinzima (umzekelo, ukushisa okuphezulu, ukufuma okuphezulu).

2. Uphuculo olukrelekrele

I-Artificial intelligence algorithms ukuncedisa kuhlalutyo lwedatha: Ii-algorithms zokufunda koomatshini zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga ngokuzenzekelayo iintlobo ze-nuclide, ukuphucula ukuchaneka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kohlalutyo lwedatha. Lungiselela ukusetyenzwa komqondiso ngeemodeli zokufunda nzulu ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwengxolo, ukuphucula ukuchaneka kokubonwa, kunye nokufezekisa uhlalutyo olukhawulezayo kunye nobungakanani beisampulu ezixubeneyo ezininzi ze-nuclide.

Iqonga lelifu kunye netekhnoloji ye-IoT: Yakha iqonga lokwabelana ngedatha lexesha lokwenyani ukuze ufumane inethiwekhi yokubeka iliso kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuxhasa ukubekwa kweliso kokusingqongileyo kunye nokuphendula okungxamisekileyo ngokubeka iliso kude kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha, kunye nokubonelela ngezixhobo zokubonwa kwedatha ukunceda abenzi bezigqibo baqonde ngokukhawuleza ukusasazwa kwemitha kunye neendlela.

(Izinto eziluncedo: Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwedatha kunye nokunciphisa ukungenelela kwabantu; qaphela ukubeka iliso okude kunye nexesha langempela lokulumkisa kwangaphambili, kunye nokuphucula amandla okuphendula ngokukhawuleza; ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano yehlabathi kunye nokwabelana ngedatha, kunye nokukhuthaza uphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe.)

Utshintsho lwetekhnoloji yeyona nto iphambili ekuqhubeleni phambili kwemisebenzi emininzi yeengqayi zescintillation. Ukuphumelela kwisayensi yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nezixhobo ezintsha ze-scintillator ziphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kokubona; uhlaziyo olukrelekrele lwenze uhlalutyo lwedatha lusebenza ngakumbi kwaye luchanekile. Ezi nguqulelo azinakwandisa nje kuphela iimeko zokusetyenziswa kweengqayi zescintillation, kodwa zikwakhuthaza uphuhliso lulonke lokubona ubuchwephesha bokubona i-radioactivity, ukunika inkxaso eyomeleleyo kuphando lwezenzululwazi, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko lwenyukliya.

Imingeni kunye nezisombululo

Iingqayi ze-scintillation zijongene nemingeni emininzi ekusetyenzisweni ngokubanzi, kubandakanywa nemiba yeendleko, ubunzima bokusebenza, kunye nonyango lwangaphambili. Ukuphendula le miba, ishishini licebise izisombululo ezahlukeneyo zokuqhubela phambili uphuhliso kunye nokuthandwa kobuchwephesha.

1. Imiba ekhoyo

High cost: Iindleko eziphezulu ze-R&D zezixhobo ezincinci kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza eziphezulu zinciphisa ukusabalalisa okukhulu. Isixhobo sovavanyo esinovakalelo oluphezulu siyabiza kwaye kunzima ukwenza ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezinobuncwane obulinganiselweyo okanye iilabhoratri ezincinci neziphakathi.

Ubunzima bokusebenza: Izixhobo zokubona ngemitha ngemitha zihlala zifuna abasebenzi abakhethekileyo ukuze basebenze kwaye balondoloze, benyusa umda wokusetyenziswa. Ukuphathwa kwesampulu entsonkothileyo kunye neenkqubo zokuhlalutywa kwedatha kubeka iimfuno eziphezulu zobugcisa kubasebenzi abangabodwa.

Isampulu yothintelo lonyango lwangaphambili: Ezinye iisampulu (umzekelo, umhlaba, izihlunu zebhayoloji) zifuna unyango lwangaphambili olucokisekileyo noluntsokothileyo (umzekelo, ukuchithwa, ukuhluzwa, ukugxininiswa), okwandisa ixesha lovavanyo kunye neendleko. Amanyathelo onyango angazisa iimpazamo ezinokuchaphazela ukuchaneka kweziphumo zovavanyo.

2. Amacebo okuphendula

I-Miniaturization kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lophuhliso lwenzwa: Uphuhliso lwezixhobo zovavanyo ezincinci, eziphathwayo ngobuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiweyo ukunciphisa iindleko zokwenziwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Phonononga izixhobo ezintsha ze-scintillator ezixabisa aphantsi kunye neefotodetectors ukuze zithathele indawo izinto zemveli ezibizayo. Yila izixhobo zokuvavanya zibe yimodyuli ukuququzelela ukugcinwa kunye nokuphucula, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide.

Uyilo lojongano olusebenziseka lula kunye nosetyenziso oluzenzekelayo lwenkqubo: Phuhlisa ujongano lomsebenzisi olubonakalayo olubonelela ngesikhokelo sokusebenza kunye nengxelo yexesha langempela ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa lula. Ukudityaniswa kokwenziwa kwesampula ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nemisebenzi yohlalutyo lwedatha kunciphisa ungenelelo lwezandla kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kovavanyo. Isebenzisa itekhnoloji yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukubonelela ngeengcebiso zokusebenza kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ukunceda abangezongcali ukuba baqalise ngokukhawuleza.

Izinto ezintsha ezidityanisiweyo kubuchwephesha bokwenza kwangaphambili: uphuhliso lweemvavanyo ezingadingi ukucutshungulwa kwangaphambili okuntsokothileyo (umzekelo, umlinganiselo othe ngqo weesampulu eziqinileyo okanye zegesi), ukwenza lula inkqubo yokusebenza. Ukudityaniswa kwamanyathelo esampula onyango lwangaphambili kwizixhobo zokufumanisa ukufumanisa okudibeneyo. Phuhlisa iindlela zonyango zesampulu ezisebenzayo (umzekelo ukugaya i-microwave, i-ultrasonic extraction) ukunciphisa ixesha lonyango lwangaphambili.

Nangona iibhotile ze-scintillation zijongene nemingeni kwizicelo ezifana neendleko, ubunzima bokusebenza kunye nesampuli yonyango lwangaphambili, le miba ilungiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa i-miniaturization kunye nophuhliso lwe-sensor yexabiso eliphantsi, i-user-friendly-friendly designs, kunye nezinto ezintsha ezidibeneyo kwiiteknoloji zangaphambili zonyango. Ezi zicwangciso zokuhlangabezana nazo azigcini nje ukunciphisa umda wezobuchwepheshe, kodwa ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuchaneka. Kwixesha elizayo, kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwitekhnoloji, ii-vials ze-scintillation ziya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo.

Ikamva elizayo

Iingqayi ze-scintillation, njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokubhaqwa kwe-radioactivity, ziya kuzisa amathuba amatsha ophuhliso ngokwemigaqo yokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kunye nokusetyenziswa okunokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo.

1. Iindlela zeteknoloji

Ukufunyanwa kwe-Multimodal: Phuhlisa izixhobo ezidibanisa izinzwa zeekhemikhali kunye nemisebenzi yokufumanisa i-radioactivity ukufezekisa ukufunyanwa ngaxeshanye kwezinto zekhemikhali kunye ne-radionuclides kwiisampuli. Ukwandisa uluhlu lwezicelo ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji yokufumanisa i-multimodal yokubeka iliso lokusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko lokutya kunye nezicelo ze-biomedical.

2. Ukubanakho ukwenza isicelo

Ukujongwa komkhenkce kumxholo wokutshintsha kwemozulu yehlabathi: ukufunda impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu ekunyibilikeni komkhenkce kunye nothutho olungcolisekileyo ngokubhaqa ii-radionuclides kumkhenkce kwincam yomhlaba. Ngokusetyenziswa kwedatha yokufumanisa i-radionuclide, impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu yehlabathi kwi-ecosystems ye-polar iya kuhlolwa, ibonelele ngesiseko senzululwazi semigaqo-nkqubo yokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.

Inkxaso yoqoqosho lwesetyhula kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwamandla enyukliya: Ukuphuhlisa ubugcisa bokubona obunovakalelo oluphezulu ukulungiselela umlinganiselo ochanekileyo kunye nolawulo lweeradionuclides kwinkunkuma yenyukliya ukuxhasa ukurisayikilishwa kwenkunkuma yenyukliya. Ukubekwa kweliso kwexesha lokwenyani lokusasazwa kunye nokuxinana kwezinto ezisasazwa ngemitha ngexesha lomjikelo wamafutha enyukliya kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nozinzo lokusetyenziswa kwamandla enyukliya.

Kwixesha elizayo, iibhotile zescintillation ziyakuqhubela phambili ukukhulisa amandla azo okubona kunye nomda wesicelo, ziqhutywa ziindlela zetekhnoloji ezifana nokubhaqwa kwe-multimodal. Ngeli xesha, ngokwezicelo ezinokwenzeka ezifana nokubeka iliso kwincam yomkhenkce kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lwamandla enyukliya, iingqayi zescintillation ziya kubonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo kuphando lokutshintsha kwemozulu yehlabathi kunye noqoqosho olujikelezayo lwamandla enyukliya. Ngokuqhubela phambili okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, ii-vials ze-scintillation ziya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezininzi kwaye zenze igalelo elikhulu kuphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.

Ukuqukumbela

I-scintillation vials, njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya i-radiographic, iye yavela ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwisiqalo esithobekileyo njengesixhobo esinye selabhoratri ukuya kwisiqwenga esiphambili sesixhobo kwiinkalo ezininzi.

Ukuphuhliswa kwee-vials ze-scintillation kubonisa amandla obugcisa obutsha kunye nentsebenziswano yamacandelo ahlukeneyo, kunye nokuguqulwa kwesixhobo sebhubhoratri enye ukuya kwisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezininzi kugxininisa ukubaluleka kwayo kuphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuqhubela phambili kobuchwephesha kunye nokwandiswa okuqhubekayo kweemeko zezicelo, iibhotile zescintillation ziyakudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kukhuseleko lwenyukliya lwehlabathi, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo.